Перевод: со всех языков на все языки

action by the Army

1 action

action [aksjɔ̃]

feminine noun

   a. ( = acte) action

• faire une bonne action to do a good deed

• commettre une mauvaise action to do something wrong

• action d'éclat brilliant feat

• action de grâce(s) thanksgiving

• action revendicative [d'ouvriers] industrial action uncount ; [d'étudiants] protest uncount

• action ! (Cinema) action!

• l'action se passe en Grèce the action takes place in Greece

• passer à l'action to take action

• mettre en action [+ mécanisme] to set going ; [+ plan] to put into action

   b. ( = effet) [d'éléments naturels, médicament] effect

• ce médicament est sans action this medicine has no effect

• sous l'action du gel under the action of frost

   c. ( = politique, mesures) policies

• l'action gouvernementale the government's policies

• l'action économique et sociale economic and social policy

• l'action humanitaire humanitarian aid

   d. (Law) action

• action en diffamation libel action

   e. (Sport) il a été blessé au cours de cette action he was injured during that bit of play

• revoyons l'action let's have an action replay

   f. (Finance) share

• action nominative/au porteur registered/bearer share

* * *
aksjɔ̃
nom féminin

1) ( fait d'agir) action

il serait temps de passer à l'action — gén it's time to act; ( combattre) it's time for action

entrer en action — Armée to go into action

un homme d'action — a man of action

en action — [personne] in action; [mécanisme] in operation

mettre quelque chose en action — to put something into operation

2) ( façon d'agir) action

programme d'action — plan of action

moyens d'action — courses of action

3) ( effet) effect

l'action du temps — the effects of time

sous l'action de quelque chose — under the effect of something

l'action de quelqu'un sur quelque chose/quelqu'un — somebody's influence on something/somebody

4) ( acte) action, act

une action stupide — a stupid act

des actions criminelles — criminal acts

bonne/mauvaise action — good/bad deed

5) ( initiative) initiative; Armée, Droit action

intenter une action en justice à quelqu'un — to take legal action against somebody

6) ( histoire) action

l'action se situe à Venise — the action takes place in Venice

un film d'action — an action film

un roman d'action — an adventure novel

7) ( en finance) share

actions et obligations — securities

une société par actions — a joint stock company

action nominative — registered share

* * *
aksjɔ̃ nf
1) (= acte individuel) action

une bonne action — a good deed

une mauvaise action — an bad deed

2) (au singulier)

l'action — action

action syndicale — union action

mettre en action — to put into action

passer à l'action — to take action

se lancer à l'action — to go into action

un film d'action — an action film, an action movie

liberté d'action — freedom of action

3) [roman, film] action

4) (effet d'une force naturelle) action, effect

sous l'action de — under the effect of

5) DROIT action

intenter une action en justice; engager une action en justice — to take legal action

6) COMMERCE (= part dans une société) share

* * *

action nf

1 ( fait d'agir) action; il serait temps de passer à l'action gén it's time to act; ( combattre) it's time for action; entrer en action Mil to go into action; l'entrée en action de l'armée the army's involvement in the conflict; un homme/une femme d'action a man/a woman of action; avoir toute liberté d'action to have complete freedom of action; être en action [personne] to be in action; en action [machine, mécanisme] in operation; mettre qch en action to put sth into operation [mesure, plan]; un sportif en (pleine) action a sportsman in action; volonté d'action will to act;

2 ( façon d'agir) action; programme or plan d'action plan of action; moyens d'action courses of action; avoir une unité d'action to have a common plan of action; champ d'action field of action;

3 ( effet) effect; l'action du temps the effects of time; avoir une action bénéfique/néfaste/immunologique to have a positive/a negative/an immunizing effect; sous l'action de qch under the effect of sth; l'action de qch sur qch/qn the effect of sth on sth/sb; l'action de qn sur qch/qn sb's influence on sth/sb;

4 ( acte) action, act; une action irresponsable/stupide an irresponsible/a stupid action; des actions criminelles/individuelles/racistes criminal/individual/racist acts; une action d'éclat a remarkable feat; faire une action d'éclat to distinguish oneself; une bonne/mauvaise action a good/bad deed; j'ai fait ma bonne action de la journée I've done my good deed for the day;

5 ( initiative) initiative; Mil, Jur action; une action des Nations unies a UN initiative; actions culturelles culturel initiatives; mener des actions humanitaires to carry out a programme^GB of humanitarian aid; dégager des ressources pour des actions sociales to free money for social programmes^GB; entreprendre une action militaire offensive to take offensive action; intenter une action en justice à qn to take legal action against sb; intenter une action en diffamation to bring a libel action GB ou suit;

6 ( histoire) action; l'action se situe à Venise the action takes place in Venice; un film d'action an action film; un roman d'action an adventure novel; j'aime quand il y a de l'action I like a bit of action;

7 Fin share; actions et obligations securities; une société par actions a joint stock company; action A/B A/B share; action gratuite free share; action nominative registered share; action ordinaire ordinary share GB, common share US; action préférentielle preference share GB, preferred share US.

Composé

action de grâce(s) thanksgiving.

[aksjɔ̃] nom féminin

1. [acte] action, act

responsable de ses actions responsible for his actions

une action de grâces an offering of thanks

bonne/mauvaise action good/evil deed

faire une bonne action to do a good deed

faire une mauvaise action to commit an evil deed

faire de mauvaises actions to commit evil (deeds)

2. [activité] action (substantif non comptable)

l'action du gouvernement a été de laisser les forces s'équilibrer the government's course of action was to let the various forces balance each other out

passer à l'action

a. [généralement] to take action

b. MILITAIRE to go into action

assez parlé, il est temps de passer à l'action enough talking, let's get down to it ou take some action

dans le feu de l'action, en pleine action right in the middle ou at the heart of the action

l'action se passe en Europe/l'an 2000 the action takes place in Europe/the year 2000

3. [intervention] action

un conflit qui nécessite une action immédiate de notre part a conflict necessitating immediate action on our part

une action syndicale est à prévoir some industrial action is expected

action directe direct action

l'Action françaiseFrench nationalist and royalist group founded in the late nineteenth century

4. [effet] action, effect

l'action de l'acide sur le métal the action of acid on metal

un médicament à l'action lente a slow-acting medicine

5. FINANCE share

ses actions ont baissé/monté (figuré & humoristique) his stock has fallen/risen (figuré)

action de capital ≃ ordinary share

action différée/nominative deferred/registered stock

action ordinaire ordinary share

action au porteur transferable ou bearer share

actions cotées en Bourse common stock

action préférentielle preference share (UK), preferred share (US)

capital en actions equity capital

dividende en actions bonus issue (UK), stock dividend (US)

société par actions joint-stock company

6. DROIT action, lawsuit

intenter une action contre ou à quelqu'un to bring an action against somebody, to take legal action against somebody, to take somebody to court

action civile/en diffamation civil/libel action

7. ADMINISTRATION

action sanitaire et sociale health and social services

8. MILITAIRE & PHYSIQUE action

à double action double-action

9. GRAMMAIRE action

verbe d'action action verb

10. (Suisse) [vente promotionnelle] sale, special offer

————————

d'action locution adjectivale

1. [mouvementé - roman] action-packed

film d'action action film

2. [qui aime agir]

homme/femme d'action man/woman of action

3. POLITIQUE & SOCIOLOGIE

journée/semaine d'action day/week of action

en action locution adverbiale & locution adjectivale

in action

être en action to be in action

ils sont déjà en action sur les lieux they're already busy on the scene

entrer en action

a. [pompiers, police] to go into action

b. [loi, règlement] to become effective, to take effect

mettre quelque chose en action to set something in motion

la sirène s'est/a été mise en action the alarm went off/was set off

————————

sous l'action de locution prépositionnelle

due to, because of

Dictionnaire Français-Anglais > action
2 action

action [ˈæk∫ən]

1. noun

   a. action f

• to put into action [+ plan] mettre à exécution ; [+ principles, suggestion] mettre en pratique

• the time has come for action il est temps d'agir

• they want a piece of the action (inf) ils veulent être dans le coup (inf)

• to take action agir

• out of action [machine] hors service

• his illness put him out of action for six weeks sa maladie l'a mis hors de combat pendant six semaines

   b. ( = deed) acte m

• to judge sb by his actions juger qn sur ses actes

• actions speak louder than words les actes sont plus éloquents que les paroles

   c. ( = effect) effet m

   d. [of play] action f

• action! (on set) moteur !

• there's not enough action in the play la pièce manque d'action

   e. ( = legal proceedings) action f en justice

• action for damages action f en dommages-intérêts

   f. ( = military combat) combat m

• to go into action [unit, person] aller au combat ; [army] engager le combat

• killed in action tué au combat

2. transitive verb

   a. [+ idea] mettre en pratique

   b. [+ plan] mettre en œuvre

3. compounds

► action-packed adjective [film] plein d'action ; [week-end] bien rempli

► action point noun décision f, action f

► action replay noun (British) ralenti m

► action shot noun scène f d'action

► action stations plural noun postes mpl de combat

• action stations! à vos postes !

* * *
['ækʃn]
noun

1) [U] gen action f; ( to deal with situation) mesures fpl

to take action — agir, prendre des mesures ( against contre)

drastic/immediate action — des mesures draconiennes/immédiates

a man of action — un homme d'action

to put a plan into action — mettre un projet à exécution

to put something out of action — immobiliser quelque chose

to be out of action — [machine] être en panne; [person] être immobilisé

to be back in action — être de retour

2) ( deed) acte m

actions speak louder than words — mieux vaut agir que parler

3) ( fighting) action f, combat m

to see (some) action — combattre

to go into action — aller au combat

killed in action — tué au combat

4) Cinema, Theatre action f

action! — moteur!

5) (colloq) ( excitement)

I don't want to miss out on the action — je ne veux pas rater ce qui se passe

that's where the action is — c'est là où ça bouge (colloq)

they want a piece of the action — ( want to be involved) ils ne veulent pas être en reste; ( want some of the profits) ils veulent leur part du gâteau (colloq)

6) Law action f, procès m

to bring an action against somebody — intenter une action contre quelqu'un

7) Technology (in machine, piano) mécanisme m

••

action stations! — Military, fig à vos postes!

English-French dictionary > action
3 action

'ækʃən
noun

1) (something done: Action, not talking, is necessary if we are to defeat the enemy; Take action immediately; The firemen are ready to go into action.) actuación, acción

2) (movement: Tennis needs a good wrist action.) juego

3) (a legal case: He brought an action for divorce against his wife.) demanda

4) (the events (of a play, film etc): The action of the play takes place on an island.) acción

5) (a battle; fighting: He was killed in action; Our troops fought an action against the enemy.) combate

•

- in action
- out of action

action n

1. medidas

we must take immediate action debemos tomar medidas inmediatamente

2. actuación

her prompt action saved our lives su rápida actuación nos salvó la vida

3. acto

we should judge people by their actions not their words deberíamos juzgar a la gente por sus actos y no por sus palabras

4. acción

the action of the acid on the metal la acción del ácido sobre el metal

5. acción / combate

the troops are waiting to go into action las tropas están esperando para entrar en combate

action

tr['ækʃən]

noun

1 (gen) acción nombre femenino

■ he's a man of action es un hombre de acción

■ I like a film with plenty of action me gustan las películas con mucha acción

2 (intervention) actuación nombre femenino

■ only the swift action of the firemen saved the building sólo la rápida actuación de los bomberos salvó el edificio

■ we must take action now hemos de actuar ya

■ the government is taking action to reduce inflation el gobierno está tomando medidas para frenar la inflación

3 (of film) historia, acción nombre femenino

■ the action takes place in Bavaria la acción transcurre en Baviera

4 SMALLMILITARY/SMALL combate nombre masculino, acción nombre femenino

■ five soldiers are missing in action in northern Bosnia han desaparecido cinco soldados en los combates del norte de Bosnia

5 (working) funcionamiento

■ the action of the lungs el funcionamiento de los pulmones

6 (mechanism) mecanismo

■ this gun has a very smooth action el mecanismo de esta pistola funciona muy bien

7 SMALLLAW/SMALL demanda

\

SMALLIDIOMATIC EXPRESSION/SMALL

actions speak louder than words hechos son amores y no buenas razones

killed in action muerto,-a en combate

out of action fuera de servicio

to bring an action against somebody entablar una demanda contra alguien

to put out of action inutilizar

action replay repetición nombre femenino de la jugada

action stations zafarrancho de combate

action ['ækʃən] n

1) deed: acción f, acto m, hecho m

2) behavior: actuación f, comportamiento m

3) lawsuit: demanda f

4) movement: movimiento m

5) combat: combate m

6) plot: acción f, trama f

7) mechanism: mecanismo m

action

n.

• acción s.f.

• actividad s.f.

• acto s.m.

• actuación s.f.

• argumento s.m.

• expediente s.m.

• gestión s.f.

• mecanismo s.m.

• obra s.f.

• trabajo s.m.

'ækʃən
noun

1) u

a) ( practical measures)

prompt action by the police saved several lives — la rápida actuación de la policía salvó varias vidas

action is needed now — hay que actuar inmediatamente

we demand action! — exigimos que se haga algo!

which course of action do you recommend? — ¿qué medidas recomienda?

disciplinary action — medidas fpl disciplinarias

to take action (against somebody/something) — tomar medidas (contra alguien/algo)

action! — ( Cin) acción!

b) (in phrases)

in action — en acción

I'm back in action again — (colloq) ya estoy de nuevo al pie del cañón (fam)

to go into action — entrar en acción

to put something into action — poner* algo en práctica

out of action: my car is out of action tengo el coche averiado or (AmL tb) descompuesto; he'll be out of action for a few weeks — va a estar fuera de circulación durante unas semanas (hum)

2) c ( deed) acto m

I won't be responsible for my actions if it happens again — si vuelve a suceder, yo no respondo de mí

actions speak louder than words — obras son amores y no buenas razones

3) u ( Mil) acción f (de guerra)

wounded in action — herido en combate

4) u

a) (plot of play, movie) acción f

b) ( exciting activity) animación f

to get a piece o slice of the action — (colloq) sacar* tajada (fam)

5)

a) c ( movement) movimiento m

b) u ( operation) funcionamiento m

c) u (of drug, chemical)

action (on something) — acción f or efecto m (sobre algo)

['ækʃǝn]
1. N

1) (=activity)

the time has come for action — ha llegado el momento de hacer algo or de actuar

• when shall we get some action on this? — ¿cuándo se va a hacer algo al respecto?

• into action, they went into action to rescue the climbers — intervinieron para rescatar a los alpinistas

to put a plan into action — poner un plan en práctica or en marcha

emergency procedures will be put into action — las medidas de emergencia serán puestas en marcha

• a man of action — un hombre de acción

• to be out of action — [machinery] no funcionar, estar averiado

the lifts are out of action — los ascensores no funcionan or están averiados

out of action — no funciona, fuera de servicio

he was out of action for months — estuvo sin poder hacer nada durante meses

the illness put him out of action for six months — la enfermedad lo dejó seis meses fuera de combate

• action stations! — ¡a sus puestos!
disciplinary, freedom, industrial
2) (=steps) medidas fpl

• emergency action — medidas fpl de emergencia

• to take action against sb/sth — tomar medidas contra algn/algo

their advice is to take no action — aconsejan no hacer nada

3) (=deed) acto m

he wasn't responsible for his actions — no era responsable de sus actos

to judge sb by his actions — juzgar a algn por sus actos or acciones

- suit the action to the word

- actions speak louder than words

4) * (=excitement) animación f, marcha * f

they were hoping to find some action — esperaban encontrar algo de animación, esperaban encontrar algo de marcha *

where's the action in this town? — ¿dónde está la marcha en este pueblo? *

he likes to be where the action is — le gusta estar en medio del meollo *

- a piece or slice of the action

5) (Mil) (=intervention) intervención f ; (=engagement) contienda f, enfrentamiento m

we are trying to avoid military action — estamos tratando de evitar la intervención militar

we didn't know how many men we had lost until the action was over — no supimos cuántos hombres habíamos perdido hasta que terminó la contienda or el enfrentamiento

• to go into action — [person, unit] entrar en acción or en combate; [army, battleship] entrar en acción

• wounded/killed in action — herido/muerto en acción (de guerra) or en combate

• to see action — luchar

6) (=mechanism) [of piano] transmisión f ; [of clock] mecanismo m

7) (=motion) (gen) movimiento m ; [of horse] marcha f

8) (=effect, operation) [of acid, drug, elements] efecto m

stones worn smooth by the action of water — piedras fpl erosionadas por efecto del agua

9) (Jur) (=measures) acción f judicial; (=lawsuit) proceso m judicial

the police are not taking any action — la policía no va a emprender ninguna acción judicial

to bring an action against sb — comenzar un proceso judicial contra algn

action for damages — demanda f por daños y perjuicios
court 4., legal 1., 1), libel
10) (Theat, Cine) [of play] acción f

the action (of the play) takes place in Greece — la acción (de la obra) se desarrolla en Grecia

action! — (Cine) ¡acción!

11) (Phys) acción f

2.

VT poner en práctica, poner en marcha

3.

CPD

action committee N — comité m de acción

action film N — película f de acción

action group N — grupo m de acción

action hero N — (in film) héroe m de películas de acción

action man N — esp hum hombre m de acción

action movie N — (US) película f de acción

action painting N — tachismo m

action plan N — plan m de acción

action point N — punto m a seguir, acción f a tomar

action replay N — (TV) repetición f (de la jugada); (fig) repetición f

action shot N — (=sequence in film) escena f de acción; (=photograph) foto f de movimiento

* * *
['ækʃən]
noun

1) u

a) ( practical measures)

prompt action by the police saved several lives — la rápida actuación de la policía salvó varias vidas

action is needed now — hay que actuar inmediatamente

we demand action! — exigimos que se haga algo!

which course of action do you recommend? — ¿qué medidas recomienda?

disciplinary action — medidas fpl disciplinarias

to take action (against somebody/something) — tomar medidas (contra alguien/algo)

action! — ( Cin) acción!

b) (in phrases)

in action — en acción

I'm back in action again — (colloq) ya estoy de nuevo al pie del cañón (fam)

to go into action — entrar en acción

to put something into action — poner* algo en práctica

out of action: my car is out of action tengo el coche averiado or (AmL tb) descompuesto; he'll be out of action for a few weeks — va a estar fuera de circulación durante unas semanas (hum)

2) c ( deed) acto m

I won't be responsible for my actions if it happens again — si vuelve a suceder, yo no respondo de mí

actions speak louder than words — obras son amores y no buenas razones

3) u ( Mil) acción f (de guerra)

wounded in action — herido en combate

4) u

a) (plot of play, movie) acción f

b) ( exciting activity) animación f

to get a piece o slice of the action — (colloq) sacar* tajada (fam)

5)

a) c ( movement) movimiento m

b) u ( operation) funcionamiento m

c) u (of drug, chemical)

action (on something) — acción f or efecto m (sobre algo)

English-spanish dictionary > action
4 Action directe

Left wing urban guerilla organisation responsible between 1979 and 1987 for a campaign of bombings and assassinations, including that of the former Renault boss Georges Besse; allied for a period with Germany's Red Army Faction. The group was always very small, with only a handful of active participants.

Dictionnaire Français-Anglais. Agriculture Biologique > Action directe
5 Direct Action Against Drugs

Abbreviation: DAAD (An organisation which emerged in 1994 during the Irish Republican Army ceasefire. DAAD claimed the responsibility for killing a number of men whom DAAD alleged were drug dealers.)

Универсальный русско-английский словарь > Direct Action Against Drugs
6 действие армии

action by the Army

Русско-английский военный словарь > действие армии
7 действие армии

action by the Army

армия США — us army

Красная Армия — Red Army

группа армий — army group

закон об армии — army act

воздушная армия — air army

Русско-английский военно-политический словарь > действие армии
8 подпасть под действие

come within the purview

действие армии — action by the Army

под действием — under the action of

действие начинается — the scene opens

вступать в действие — come into action

приходит в действие — come into action

Бизнес, юриспруденция. Русско-английский словарь > подпасть под действие
9 вне сферы действий

beyond the control of

действие армии — action by the Army

под действием — under the action of

действие начинается — the scene opens

управляющее действие — control action

действие в тылу — operation in the rear

Русско-английский большой базовый словарь > вне сферы действий
10 в течение срока действия

during the currency

срок действия — currency

действие армии — action by the Army

под действием — under the action of

действие начинается — the scene opens

действие в тылу — operation in the rear

Бизнес, юриспруденция. Русско-английский словарь > в течение срока действия
11 подпавший под действие

coming within the purview

действие армии — action by the Army

под действием — under the action of

действие начинается — the scene opens

действие в тылу — operation in the rear

по ходу действия — as the play progresses

Бизнес, юриспруденция. Русско-английский словарь > подпавший под действие
12 militar

adj.

military.

Aquí hay actividad militar Here we have military activity.

f. & m.

1 soldier.

los militares the military

2 army officer, military man.

Los militares están en descanso The army officers are at ease.

v.

1 to be active.

2 to serve in the army.

El chico alto militó The tall boy served in the army.

3 to be politically active.

Los estudiantes militan The students are politically active.

* * *

militar

► adjetivo

1 military

► nombre masculino

1 military man, soldier

■ los militares the armed forces

► verbo intransitivo

1 MILITAR to serve

2 PLÍTICA (ser miembro) to be an active member; (ser activista) to be a militant, be an activist

\

FRASEOLOGÍA

tribunal militar military court

* * *
1. adj.
military
2. noun mf.
soldier

* * *

1.

ADJ military

ciencia militar — art of war

2.

SM (=soldado) soldier, military man; [en la mili] serviceman

los militares — the military

3. VI

1) (Mil) to serve ( in the army)

2) (Pol)

militar en un partido — to be a member of a party

* * *
I
adjetivo military
II
masculino y femenino soldier, military man

los militares — the military

- militar de carrera
III
verbo intransitivo to be politically active

militar en un partido político — to be an active member of a political party

* * *
I
adjetivo military
II
masculino y femenino soldier, military man

los militares — the military

- militar de carrera
III
verbo intransitivo to be politically active

militar en un partido político — to be an active member of a political party

* * *

militar¹

¹ = serviceman [servicemen, -pl.], serviceperson.

Ex: Personal readers' guidance was provided to World War I servicemen.

Ex: Soaked to the skin in the pelting rain of a tropical storm, they said that guarding the tomb was the highest honor that can be afforded to a serviceperson.

* hijo de militares = military brat.

* militares, los = military, the.

militar²

² = military, martial.

Ex: A plan is a drawing showing relative positions on a horizontal plane, e.g., relative positions of part of a building, a landscape design, a graphic presentation of a military o naval plan, etc.

Ex: The article begins by illustrating the martial dimensions of the bodybuilder's body.

* academia militar = military academy.

* accesorios militares = militaria.

* acción militar = military action.

* actuación militar = military action.

* aficionado a todo lo militar = military buff.

* al estilo militar = military-style.

* amante de lo militar = military buff.

* amenaza militar = military threat.

* armamento militar = military hardware.

* arquitectura militar = military architecture.

* base militar = military base.

* brazo militar = military arm.

* campaña militar = military campaign.

* ciencia militar = military science.

* comandante militar = military commander.

* condecoración militar = Legion of Merit.

* conflicto militar = military conflict.

* cuartel militar = army barracks.

* desfile militar = military parade, military tattoo.

* despliegue militar = military deployment.

* dictadura militar = military dictatorship.

* estrategia militar = military strategy.

* fuerza militar = military forces.

* funeral militar = military funeral.

* gasto militar = military expenditure.

* historiador militar = military historian.

* hospital militar = military hospital.

* ingeniero militar = military engineer.

* intervención militar = military intervention, military action.

* jefe militar = army official, army officer.

* junta militar = military junta, junta.

* líder militar = military leader.

* mando militar = military command.

* medicina militar = military medicine.

* mujer militar = servicewoman.

* música militar = martial music.

* observación militar = surveillance.

* ofensiva militar = military offensive.

* operación militar = military operation.

* paseo militar = plain sailing, walkover.

* pelado a lo militar = crewcut [crew-cut].

* personal militar = military personnel.

* poderío militar = military power.

* policía militar = military police.

* prisión militar = military prison.

* propiedad militar = military property.

* protección militar = military protection.

* reclutamiento militar = military draft.

* régimen militar = military regime.

* representante militar = army official, army officer.

* satélite militar = surveillance satellite.

* secreto militar = military secret.

* servicio militar = military service.

* servicio militar obligatorio = compulsory military service, draft, the, military draft.

* silo militar = missile silo.

* soldado militar = military soldier.

* tribunal militar = military tribunal.

militar³ contra

³ = militate against.

Ex: Local interpretations of the rules, and modifications to suit local circumstances, certainly militate against standard records.

* * *

militar¹

adjective

military

militar²

masculine and feminine

soldier, military man

los militares the military

Compuesto:

militar de carrera

career soldier

militar³ [A1 ]

vi

to be politically active

militar en un partido político to be an active member of a political party

era de izquierda, pero nunca militó he was left-wing, but never politically active

* * *

militar 1 adjetivo
military
■ sustantivo masculino y femenino
soldier, military man;
◊ los militares the military

militar 2 ( conjugate militar) verbo intransitivo
to be politically active;
militar en un partido político to be an active member of a political party
militar
I adjetivo military
el presupuesto militar, the defense budget
II sustantivo masculino soldier
unos bandidos vestidos de militares..., some bandits dressed as soldiers...
III vi Pol (ser miembro de) to be a member: milita en las juventudes pacifistas, she's a member of the young pacifists group

' militar' also found in these entries:
Spanish:
aviación
- aviador
- aviadora
- cartilla
- control
- exenta
- exento
- intervención
- juventud
- milicia
- oprimir
- paisana
- paisano
- PM
- rango
- servicio
- sublevarse
- superior
- zona
- aeronáutica
- apto
- base
- capote
- centinela
- charanga
- civil
- colonia
- comando
- cumplir
- destinado
- destinar
- dispositivo
- escuela
- guardia
- instrucción
- patrullero
- potencia
- prestar
- recluta
- tribunal
English:
civilian
- conscription
- DSO
- excuse
- guardhouse
- military
- serviceman
- soldier
- staff college
- stockade
- tattoo
- junta
- service

* * *

militar¹

♦ adj

military

♦ nmf

soldier;

el general es el segundo militar que asesina el grupo en lo que va de año the general is the second member of the military to be murdered by the group this year;

los militares the military

militar² vi

1. [en partido, sindicato] to be a member (en of);
militó en la izquierda durante su juventud he was an active left-winger in his youth

2. [apoyar]
son muchas circunstancias las que militan a o [m5] en su favor there are many circumstances in his favour;

en o [m5] a su defensa milita que es menor de edad in his defence is the fact that he is a minor

* * *

militar

I adj military

II m/f soldier;

los militares pl the military

III v/i POL

:

militar en be a member of

* * *

militar vi

1) : to serve (in the military)

2) : to be active (in politics)

militar adj

: military

militar nmf

soldado: soldier

* * *

militar¹ adj military

la disciplina militar military discipline

militar² n soldier

ser militar to be in the armed forces

Spanish-English dictionary > militar
13 service

service [sεʀvis]

━━━━━━━━━

1. masculine noun

2. compounds

━━━━━━━━━

1. <

   a. service

• avoir 25 ans de service to have completed 25 years' service

• après 10 ans de bons et loyaux services after 10 years' loyal service

• un service d'autocars dessert ces localités there is a coach service to these districts

• assurer le service entre to provide a service between

• offrir ses services à qn to offer sb one's services

• nous serons obligés de nous passer de vos services we will have to let you go

► au service de

• être au service de to be in the service of ; [+ cause] to serve

• nos conseillers sont à votre service our advisers are at your service

• prendre qn à son service to take sb into one's service► en service [installation, usine] in service

• entrer en service to come into service

• la mise en service des nouveaux autobus est prévue pour juin the new buses are due to be put into service in June► hors service [appareil] out of order attrib ; [personne] (inf) shattered (inf)

   b. ( = travail) duty

• service de jour day duty

• service de nuit night duty

• il est très service service (inf) he's a stickler for the regulations

• qui est de service cette nuit ? who's on duty tonight?

• être en service commandé to be acting under orders

• prendre son service to come on duty

• quitter son service to go off duty

• les biens et les services goods and services

• la part des services dans l'économie the role of service industries in the economy

• le service militaire military service

• le service national national service

• le service civil non-military national service

• faire son service to do one's national service

   c. ( = département) department ; ( = administration) service

• les services de santé/postaux health/postal services

• les services de police the police

• les services sociaux the social services

• service hospitalier hospital service

• service de réanimation intensive care unit

• les services généraux (dans une entreprise) the maintenance department

• service informatique computer department

   d. ( = faveur, aide) service

• rendre service à qn ( = aider qn) to do sb a service ; ( = s'avérer utile) to be of use to sb

• il aime rendre service he likes to be helpful

• rendre un petit service à qn to do sb a favour

• rendre un mauvais service à qn to do sb a disservice

   e. (à table, au restaurant) service ; ( = pourboire) service charge

• Marc fera le service Marc will serve

• passe-moi les amuse-gueules, je vais faire le service hand me the appetizers, I'll pass them round

• ils ont oublié de compter le service they have forgotten to include the service on the bill

• service compris service included

• service non compris service not included

• deuxième service ( = série de repas) second sitting

   f. ( = assortiment) set

• service de table ( = linge) set of table linen ; ( = vaisselle) set of tableware

• service à café coffee set

• service à thé tea set

• service à poisson ( = vaisselle) set of fish plates ; ( = couverts) fish service

• service à fondue fondue set

   g. (Sport) serve

• Sampras au service Sampras to serve

• prendre le service de qn to break sb's serve

• il a un excellent service he has an excellent serve

• service canon bullet-like serve

• service-volée serve and volley

2. <

► service après-vente after-sales service

► service en ligne (Computing) on-line service

► service minimum skeleton service

► service d'ordre ( = policiers) police contingent ; ( = manifestants) stewards

• pour assurer le service d'ordre to maintain order ► service de presse press relations department

► service public public service

• les services publics the public utilities

• une télévision de service public a public television company ► les services secrets the secret service

► service de sécurité (d'un pays) security service

• le service de sécurité de l'aéroport airport security ► les services spéciaux the secret services

━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━

SERVICE MILITAIRE

Until 1997, French men over the age of 18 who were passed as fit, and who were not in full-time higher education, were required to do ten months' service militaire. Conscientious objectors were required to do two years' community service.

Since 1997, military service has been suspended in France. However, all sixteen-year-olds, both male and female, are required to register for a compulsory one-day training course, the « journée défense et citoyenneté », which covers basic information on the principles and organization of defence in France, and also advises on career opportunities in the military and in the voluntary sector. Young people must attend the training day before their eighteenth birthday.

* * *
sɛʀvis
1.

nom masculin

1) (action serviable, faveur)

je peux te demander un service? — ( action serviable) can I ask you to do something for me?; ( faveur) can I ask you a favour [BrE]?

elle m'a rendu de nombreux services — she's been very helpful

il est toujours prêt à rendre service — he is always ready to help

2) ( liaison) service

service de bus — bus service

3) ( fonctionnement)

être en service — [ascenseur] ( en train de fonctionner) to be working; ( en état de fonctionner) to be in working order; [autoroute] to be open; [ligne de métro, de bus] to be running

être hors service — [ascenseur] to be out of order

entrer en service — [ligne de métro, autoroute] to be opened, to come into service

mettre en service — to bring [something] into service [appareil, véhicule]; to open [gare, autoroute, ligne de bus]

4) ( aide)

rendre service à quelqu'un — [machine, appareil] to be a help to somebody; [route, passage, magasin] to be convenient (for somebody)

ça peut toujours rendre service — it might come in handy

5) ( action de servir) service

être au service de son pays — to serve one's country

je suis à leur service — ( employé) I work for them; ( dévoué) I'm at their disposal

‘à votre service!’ — ( je vous en prie) ‘don't mention it!’, ‘not at all!’

‘que puis-je faire or qu'y a-t-il pour votre service?’ — ‘may I help you?’

6) ( à table) service

12% pour le service — 12% service charge

faire le service — ( servir les plats) to serve; ( desservir) to act as waiter

manger au premier service — to go to the first sitting

7) ( des gens de maison) (domestic) service

entrer au service de quelqu'un — to go to work for somebody

prendre quelqu'un à son service — to take somebody on, to engage somebody

escalier de service — backstairs (pl), service stairs (pl)

8) ( obligations professionnelles) service

avoir 20 ans de service dans une entreprise — to have been with a firm 20 years

être de or en service — to be on duty

assurer le service de quelqu'un — to cover for somebody

son service se termine à — he/she comes off duty at

être en service commandé — [policier] to be acting under orders

état de service(s) — record of service, service record

le service de nuit — night duty

pharmacie de service — duty chemist

être l'idiot de service — to be the house clown

9) ( section administrative) department

service des urgences — casualty department GB, emergency room US

service de réanimation — intensive care unit

les services secrets — the secret service (sg)

les services d'espionnage or de renseignements — the intelligence services

service de dépannage — breakdown service

les services du Premier Ministre se refusent à tout commentaire — the Prime Minister's office has refused to comment

chef de service — ( dans une administration) section head; ( dans un hôpital) senior consultant

10) Armée

service (militaire) — military ou national service

service national — national service

service civil — non-military national service

partir au service — (colloq) to go off to do one's military service

service en temps de paix — peace time service

être bon pour le service — lit to be passed fit for military service; fig hum to be passed fit

reprendre du service — to re-enlist, to sign up again

11) ( vaisselle) set

un service à thé — a tea set

service de table — dinner service

12) Religion service

13) Sport service, serve

être au service — to serve ou be serving

2.

services nom masculin pluriel services

se passer des services de quelqu'un — to dispense with somebody's services

Phrasal Verbs:

- service après-vente

- service minimum

- service d'ordre

- service de presse

* * *
sɛʀvis
1. nm

1) (= aide, faveur) favour Grande-Bretagne favor USA

Est-ce que je peux te demander un service? — Can I ask you a favour?

rendre service à qn — to do sb a favour

Il aime rendre service. — He likes to help.

2) (= travail)

pendant le service — on duty

heures de service — hours of duty

être de service — to be on duty

avoir 25 ans de service — to have completed 25 years' service

en service commandé — on an official assignment

reprendre du service — to get back into action

faire le service (à table) — to serve

Tu peux faire le service s'il te plaît? — Could you serve please?

3) (= fonctionnement)

être en service [machine] — to be in service, to be in operation

mettre en service — to put into service, to put into operation

hors service — not in use, (= en panne) out of order

4) (= bureau) department, section

5) (= pourboire) service charge

Le service est compris. — Service is included.

service compris — service included

service non compris — service not included

6) (= repas)

premier/deuxième service — first/second sitting

7) (= vaisselle) set, service

8) TENNIS serve, service

Il a un bon service. — He's got a good serve.

2. services nmpl

ÉCONOMIE services

* * *

service

A nm

1 (action serviable, faveur) je peux te demander un service? ( action serviable) can I ask you to do something for me?; ( faveur) can I ask you a favour^GB?; pourrais-tu me rendre un petit service? could you do something for me?; tu m'as rendu service (en faisant cela) that was a great help; elle m'a rendu de nombreux services she's been very helpful; il est toujours prêt à rendre service he is always ready to help; rendre un mauvais service à qn to do sb a disservice; ce n'est pas un service à leur rendre or ce n'est pas leur rendre service que de faire leurs devoirs you are not helping them by doing their homework for them;

2 ( liaison) service; service de bus bus service; le service d'été/d'hiver/de nuit the summer/winter/night service; le service n'est pas assuré le dimanche there's no service on Sundays; service réduit or partiel reduced service;

3 ( fonctionnement) être en service [ascenseur] ( en train de fonctionner) to be working; ( en état de fonctionner) to be in working order; être en service [autoroute] to be open; [ligne de métro, de bus] to be running; [aérogare] to be open, to be in operation; ne pas être en service [ligne de métro] to be closed; être hors service [ascenseur] to be out of order; entrer en service [ligne de métro, aérogare, autoroute] to be opened, to come into service; mettre en service to bring [sth] into service [appareil, véhicule]; to open [gare, aérogare, autoroute, ligne de bus]; remettre en service to bring [sth] back into service [appareil]; to reopen [gare, autoroute] ; la mise or l'entrée en service de la ligne de bus the start of the new bus service; depuis la mise or l'entrée en service de cette route since the opening of this road;

4 ( aide) rendre service à qn [machine, appareil] to be a help to sb; [route, passage, magasin] to be convenient (for sb); ça peut toujours rendre service it might come in handy;

5 ( action de servir) gén service; être au service de son pays to serve one's country; ‘décoré pour service rendu’ ‘decorated for service to his/her country’; je suis à leur service ( employé) I work for them; ( dévoué) I'm at their disposal; travailler au service de la paix to work for peace; mettre son énergie/argent au service d'une cause to devote all one's energy/money to a cause; ‘à votre service!’ ( je vous en prie) ‘don't mention it!’, ‘not at all!’; ‘que puis- je faire or qu'y a-t-il pour votre service?’ ‘may I help you?’; ‘(nous sommes) à votre service madame’ ‘always pleased to be of assistance’;

6 ( à table) service; le service est rapide ici the service here is quick; 30 euros service compris/non compris 30 euros service included/not included; le service n'est pas compris service is not included; 12% pour le service 12% service charge; faire le service ( servir les plats) to serve; ( desservir) to act as waiter; manger au premier service to go to the first sitting;

7 ( des gens de maison) (domestic) service; être en service chez qn, être au service de qn to be in sb's service; entrer au service de qn to go to work for sb; prendre qn à son service to take sb on, to engage sb; avoir plusieurs personnes à son service to have several people working for one; escalier de service back stairs (pl), service stairs (pl); entrée de service tradesmen's entrance GB, service entrance;

8 ( obligations professionnelles) service; avoir 20 ans de service dans une entreprise to have been with a firm 20 years; être de or en service to be on duty; l'infirmière de service the duty nurse, the nurse on duty; prendre son service à to come on duty at; elle n'avait pas assuré son service ce jour-là she hadn't come on duty that day; assurer le service de qn to cover for sb; il ne fume pas pendant les heures de service he doesn't smoke on duty; son service se termine à he comes off duty at; être en service commandé [policier] to be on an official assignment, to be acting under orders; état de service(s) record of service, service record; le service de nuit night duty; pharmacie de service duty chemist; être de service de garde ( dans un hôpital) to be on duty; ( médecin généraliste) to be on call; service en temps de paix Mil peace-time service; être or jouer l'idiot de service to be the house clown;

9 ( section administrative) department; service administratif/culturel/du personnel administrative/cultural/personnel department; le service de psychiatrie/de cardiologie the psychiatric/cardiology department; le service des urgences the casualty department GB ou emergency room US; les blessés furent conduits au service des urgences the injured were taken to casualty GB ou to ER US; service de réanimation intensive care unit; les services de sécurité the security services; les services secrets the secret service; les services d'espionnage or de renseignements the intelligence services; service de dépannage breakdown service; service d'entretien ( département de l'entreprise) maintenance department; ( personnel) maintenance staff; les services du Premier Ministre se refusent à tout commentaire the Prime Minister's office has refused to comment; chef de service ( dans une administration) section head; ( dans un hôpital) senior consultant;

10 Mil ( obligations militaires) service (militaire) military ou national service; service national national service; faire son service (militaire) to do one's military service; service actif active service; service civil non-military national service; partir au service○ to go off to do one's military service; être bon pour le service lit to be passed fit for military service; fig hum to be passed fit; reprendre du service to re-enlist ou sign up again; quitter le service to be discharged, to leave the forces;

11 ( vaisselle) set; un service à thé a tea set; un service à café a coffee set; service à dessert or gâteau dessert set; service de table dinner service;

12 Relig service; service religieux church service;

13 Sport service, serve; être au service to serve ou be serving; Valérie au service Valérie to serve; changement de service change of service; faute de service fault.

B services nmpl services; les biens et les services goods and services; avoir recours aux services de qn to call on sb's services; se passer or priver des services de qn to dispense with sb's services; services en ligne Ordinat online services.

Composés

service après-vente, SAV ( département) after-sales service department; ( activité) after-sales service; service minimum reduced service; service d'ordre stewards (pl); service de presse (de ministère, parti, d'entreprise) press office; ( de maison d'édition) press and publicity department; ( livre) review copy; service public public service; Service du travail obligatoire, STO compulsory labour^GB organization set up in 1943 during the German occupation of France; services sociaux Prot Soc social services.

[sɛrvis] nom masculin

1. [travail] duty, shift

mon service commence à 18 h I go on duty ou I start my shift ou I start work at 6 p.m

l'alcool est interdit pendant le service drinking is forbidden while on duty

il n'a pu assurer son service he wasn't able to go to work

être de service: qui est de service ce soir? who's on duty tonight?

il n'est pas de service he's off-duty

elle a 22 ans de service dans l'entreprise she's been with the company for 22 years

finir son service to come off duty

prendre son service to go on ou to report for duty

reprendre du service to be employed for a supplementary period

mon vieux manteau a repris du service (familier & humoristique) my old coat has been saved from the bin

[pour la collectivité] service, serving

le service de l'État public service, the service of the state

ses états de service his service record

2. [pour un client, un maître] service

prendre quelqu'un à son service to take somebody into service

elle a deux ans de service comme femme de chambre she's been in service for two years as a chambermaid

à votre service at your service

elle a passé sa vie au service des autres she spent her life helping others

il a mis son savoir-faire au service de la société he put his expertise at the disposal of the company

je ne suis pas à ton service! I'm not your slave!

qu'y a-t-il pour votre service? what can I do for you?

service compris ‘service included’

service non compris ‘service not included’

prends ces cacahuètes et fais le service take these peanuts and hand them round

après dix ans de bons et loyaux services after ten years of good and faithful service

3. [série de repas] sitting

nous irons au premier/deuxième service we'll go to the first/second sitting

4. [département - d'une entreprise, d'un hôpital] department

service clientèle customer services

service du contentieux

a. [département] legal department

b. [personnes] legal experts

les services commerciaux the sales department ou division

service du personnel personnel department ou division

service de presse

a. [département] press office

b. [personnes] press officers, press office staff

service des urgences casualty (department) (UK), emergency room (US) ; [ - ADMINISTRATION]

service postal postal service

5. [aide] favour

rendre un service à quelqu'un [suj: personne] to do somebody a favour, to help somebody out

elle n'aime pas rendre service she's not very helpful

tu m'as bien rendu service you were a great help to me

rendre un mauvais service à quelqu'un to do somebody a disservice

lui faire tous ses devoirs, c'est un mauvais service à lui rendre! it won't do her any good if you do all her homework for her!

ton dictionnaire m'a bien rendu service your dictionary was of great use to me

ça peut encore/toujours rendre service it can still/it'll always come in handy

6. [assortiment - de linge, de vaisselle] set

acheter un service de 6 couverts en argent to buy a 6-place canteen of silver cutlery

7. TRANSPORTS service

service d'été/d'hiver summer/winter timetable

service non assuré le dimanche no service on Sundays, no Sunday service

8. MILITAIRE

service militaire ou national military/national service

service actif active service

service civil non-military national service

bon pour le service fit for military duties

allez, bon/bons pour le service! (figuré & humoristique) it'll/they'll do!

en service commandé on an official assignment

le service de santé the (army) medical corps

le service des transmissions signals

9. SPORT service, serve

Pichot au service!, service Pichot! Pichot to serve!

prendre le service de quelqu'un to break somebody's serve ou service

10. ÉLECTRICITÉ duty

11. FINANCE servicing

assurer le service de la dette to service the debt

12. RELIGION

service (divin) service

service funèbre funeral service

————————

services nom masculin pluriel

1. ÉCONOMIE services, service industries, tertiary sector

biens et services goods and services

2. [collaboration] services

se passer des services de quelqu'un

a. to do without somebody's help

b. (euphémisme) [le licencier] to dispense with somebody's services

offrir ses services à quelqu'un to offer one's services to somebody, to offer to help somebody out

3. POLITIQUE

services secrets ou spéciaux secret service

4. (Suisse) [couverts] knives and forks (for laying at table)

————————

en service locution adjectivale

in service, in use

————————

en service locution adverbiale

mettre un appareil en service to put a machine into service

cet hélicoptère/cette presse entrera en service en mai this helicopter will be put into service/this press will come on stream in May

service après-vente nom masculin

1. [prestation] after-sales service

2. [département] after-sales department

[personnes] after-sales staff

service d'ordre nom masculin

1. [système] policing

assurer le service d'ordre dans un périmètre to police a perimeter

mettre en place un service d'ordre dans un quartier to establish a strong police presence in an area

2. [gendarmes] police (contingent)

[syndiqués, manifestants] stewards

————————

service public nom masculin

public service ou utility

service public de l'audiovisuel the publicly-owned channels (on French television)

la poste est un service public postal services are state-controlled

SERVICE MILITAIRE ou NATIONAL

Until 1996, all French men aged 18 and over were required to do ten months national service unless declared unfit. The system has been phased out and replaced by an obligatory journée d'appel de préparation à la défense, one day spent learning about the army and army career opportunities. The JAPD is obligatory for men and for women. The object of this reform is to professionalize the army.

Dictionnaire Français-Anglais > service

14 Historical Portugal

   Before Romans described western Iberia or Hispania as "Lusitania," ancient Iberians inhabited the land. Phoenician and Greek trading settlements grew up in the Tagus estuary area and nearby coasts. Beginning around 202 BCE, Romans invaded what is today southern Portugal. With Rome's defeat of Carthage, Romans proceeded to conquer and rule the western region north of the Tagus, which they named Roman "Lusitania." In the fourth century CE, as Rome's rule weakened, the area experienced yet another invasion—Germanic tribes, principally the Suevi, who eventually were Christianized. During the sixth century CE, the Suevi kingdom was superseded by yet another Germanic tribe—the Christian Visigoths.

   A major turning point in Portugal's history came in 711, as Muslim armies from North Africa, consisting of both Arab and Berber elements, invaded the Iberian Peninsula from across the Straits of Gibraltar. They entered what is now Portugal in 714, and proceeded to conquer most of the country except for the far north. For the next half a millennium, Islam and Muslim presence in Portugal left a significant mark upon the politics, government, language, and culture of the country.

   Islam, Reconquest, and Portugal Created, 714-1140

   The long frontier struggle between Muslim invaders and Christian communities in the north of the Iberian peninsula was called the Reconquista (Reconquest). It was during this struggle that the first dynasty of Portuguese kings (Burgundian) emerged and the independent monarchy of Portugal was established. Christian forces moved south from what is now the extreme north of Portugal and gradually defeated Muslim forces, besieging and capturing towns under Muslim sway. In the ninth century, as Christian forces slowly made their way southward, Christian elements were dominant only in the area between Minho province and the Douro River; this region became known as "territorium Portu-calense."

   In the 11th century, the advance of the Reconquest quickened as local Christian armies were reinforced by crusading knights from what is now France and England. Christian forces took Montemor (1034), at the Mondego River; Lamego (1058); Viseu (1058); and Coimbra (1064). In 1095, the king of Castile and Léon granted the country of "Portu-cale," what became northern Portugal, to a Burgundian count who had emigrated from France. This was the foundation of Portugal. In 1139, a descendant of this count, Afonso Henriques, proclaimed himself "King of Portugal." He was Portugal's first monarch, the "Founder," and the first of the Burgundian dynasty, which ruled until 1385.

   The emergence of Portugal in the 12th century as a separate monarchy in Iberia occurred before the Christian Reconquest of the peninsula. In the 1140s, the pope in Rome recognized Afonso Henriques as king of Portugal. In 1147, after a long, bloody siege, Muslim-occupied Lisbon fell to Afonso Henriques's army. Lisbon was the greatest prize of the 500-year war. Assisting this effort were English crusaders on their way to the Holy Land; the first bishop of Lisbon was an Englishman. When the Portuguese captured Faro and Silves in the Algarve province in 1248-50, the Reconquest of the extreme western portion of the Iberian peninsula was complete—significantly, more than two centuries before the Spanish crown completed the Reconquest of the eastern portion by capturing Granada in 1492.

   Consolidation and Independence of Burgundian Portugal, 1140-1385

   Two main themes of Portugal's early existence as a monarchy are the consolidation of control over the realm and the defeat of a Castil-ian threat from the east to its independence. At the end of this period came the birth of a new royal dynasty (Aviz), which prepared to carry the Christian Reconquest beyond continental Portugal across the straits of Gibraltar to North Africa. There was a variety of motives behind these developments. Portugal's independent existence was imperiled by threats from neighboring Iberian kingdoms to the north and east. Politics were dominated not only by efforts against the Muslims in

   Portugal (until 1250) and in nearby southern Spain (until 1492), but also by internecine warfare among the kingdoms of Castile, Léon, Aragon, and Portugal. A final comeback of Muslim forces was defeated at the battle of Salado (1340) by allied Castilian and Portuguese forces. In the emerging Kingdom of Portugal, the monarch gradually gained power over and neutralized the nobility and the Church.

   The historic and commonplace Portuguese saying "From Spain, neither a good wind nor a good marriage" was literally played out in diplomacy and war in the late 14th-century struggles for mastery in the peninsula. Larger, more populous Castile was pitted against smaller Portugal. Castile's Juan I intended to force a union between Castile and Portugal during this era of confusion and conflict. In late 1383, Portugal's King Fernando, the last king of the Burgundian dynasty, suddenly died prematurely at age 38, and the Master of Aviz, Portugal's most powerful nobleman, took up the cause of independence and resistance against Castile's invasion. The Master of Aviz, who became King João I of Portugal, was able to obtain foreign assistance. With the aid of English archers, Joao's armies defeated the Castilians in the crucial battle of Aljubarrota, on 14 August 1385, a victory that assured the independence of the Portuguese monarchy from its Castilian nemesis for several centuries.

   Aviz Dynasty and Portugal's First Overseas Empire, 1385-1580

   The results of the victory at Aljubarrota, much celebrated in Portugal's art and monuments, and the rise of the Aviz dynasty also helped to establish a new merchant class in Lisbon and Oporto, Portugal's second city. This group supported King João I's program of carrying the Reconquest to North Africa, since it was interested in expanding Portugal's foreign commerce and tapping into Muslim trade routes and resources in Africa. With the Reconquest against the Muslims completed in Portugal and the threat from Castile thwarted for the moment, the Aviz dynasty launched an era of overseas conquest, exploration, and trade. These efforts dominated Portugal's 15th and 16th centuries.

   The overseas empire and age of Discoveries began with Portugal's bold conquest in 1415 of the Moroccan city of Ceuta. One royal member of the 1415 expedition was young, 21-year-old Prince Henry, later known in history as "Prince Henry the Navigator." His part in the capture of Ceuta won Henry his knighthood and began Portugal's "Marvelous Century," during which the small kingdom was counted as a European and world power of consequence. Henry was the son of King João I and his English queen, Philippa of Lancaster, but he did not inherit the throne. Instead, he spent most of his life and his fortune, and that of the wealthy military Order of Christ, on various imperial ventures and on voyages of exploration down the African coast and into the Atlantic. While mythology has surrounded Henry's controversial role in the Discoveries, and this role has been exaggerated, there is no doubt that he played a vital part in the initiation of Portugal's first overseas empire and in encouraging exploration. He was naturally curious, had a sense of mission for Portugal, and was a strong leader. He also had wealth to expend; at least a third of the African voyages of the time were under his sponsorship. If Prince Henry himself knew little science, significant scientific advances in navigation were made in his day.

   What were Portugal's motives for this new imperial effort? The well-worn historical cliche of "God, Glory, and Gold" can only partly explain the motivation of a small kingdom with few natural resources and barely 1 million people, which was greatly outnumbered by the other powers it confronted. Among Portuguese objectives were the desire to exploit known North African trade routes and resources (gold, wheat, leather, weaponry, and other goods that were scarce in Iberia); the need to outflank the Muslim world in the Mediterranean by sailing around Africa, attacking Muslims en route; and the wish to ally with Christian kingdoms beyond Africa. This enterprise also involved a strategy of breaking the Venetian spice monopoly by trading directly with the East by means of discovering and exploiting a sea route around Africa to Asia. Besides the commercial motives, Portugal nurtured a strong crusading sense of Christian mission, and various classes in the kingdom saw an opportunity for fame and gain.

   By the time of Prince Henry's death in 1460, Portugal had gained control of the Atlantic archipelagos of the Azores and Madeiras, begun to colonize the Cape Verde Islands, failed to conquer the Canary Islands from Castile, captured various cities on Morocco's coast, and explored as far as Senegal, West Africa, down the African coast. By 1488, Bar-tolomeu Dias had rounded the Cape of Good Hope in South Africa and thereby discovered the way to the Indian Ocean.

   Portugal's largely coastal African empire and later its fragile Asian empire brought unexpected wealth but were purchased at a high price. Costs included wars of conquest and defense against rival powers, manning the far-flung navel and trade fleets and scattered castle-fortresses, and staffing its small but fierce armies, all of which entailed a loss of skills and population to maintain a scattered empire. Always short of capital, the monarchy became indebted to bankers. There were many defeats beginning in the 16th century at the hands of the larger imperial European monarchies (Spain, France, England, and Holland) and many attacks on Portugal and its strung-out empire. Typically, there was also the conflict that arose when a tenuously held world empire that rarely if ever paid its way demanded finance and manpower Portugal itself lacked.

   The first 80 years of the glorious imperial era, the golden age of Portugal's imperial power and world influence, was an African phase. During 1415-88, Portuguese navigators and explorers in small ships, some of them caravelas (caravels), explored the treacherous, disease-ridden coasts of Africa from Morocco to South Africa beyond the Cape of Good Hope. By the 1470s, the Portuguese had reached the Gulf of Guinea and, in the early 1480s, what is now Angola. Bartolomeu Dias's extraordinary voyage of 1487-88 to South Africa's coast and the edge of the Indian Ocean convinced Portugal that the best route to Asia's spices and Christians lay south, around the tip of southern Africa. Between 1488 and 1495, there was a hiatus caused in part by domestic conflict in Portugal, discussion of resources available for further conquests beyond Africa in Asia, and serious questions as to Portugal's capacity to reach beyond Africa. In 1495, King Manuel and his council decided to strike for Asia, whatever the consequences. In 1497-99, Vasco da Gama, under royal orders, made the epic two-year voyage that discovered the sea route to western India (Asia), outflanked Islam and Venice, and began Portugal's Asian empire. Within 50 years, Portugal had discovered and begun the exploitation of its largest colony, Brazil, and set up forts and trading posts from the Middle East (Aden and Ormuz), India (Calicut, Goa, etc.), Malacca, and Indonesia to Macau in China.

   By the 1550s, parts of its largely coastal, maritime trading post empire from Morocco to the Moluccas were under siege from various hostile forces, including Muslims, Christians, and Hindi. Although Moroccan forces expelled the Portuguese from the major coastal cities by 1550, the rival European monarchies of Castile (Spain), England, France, and later Holland began to seize portions of her undermanned, outgunned maritime empire.

   In 1580, Phillip II of Spain, whose mother was a Portuguese princess and who had a strong claim to the Portuguese throne, invaded Portugal, claimed the throne, and assumed control over the realm and, by extension, its African, Asian, and American empires. Phillip II filled the power vacuum that appeared in Portugal following the loss of most of Portugal's army and its young, headstrong King Sebastião in a disastrous war in Morocco. Sebastiao's death in battle (1578) and the lack of a natural heir to succeed him, as well as the weak leadership of the cardinal who briefly assumed control in Lisbon, led to a crisis that Spain's strong monarch exploited. As a result, Portugal lost its independence to Spain for a period of 60 years.

   Portugal under Spanish Rule, 1580-1640

   Despite the disastrous nature of Portugal's experience under Spanish rule, "The Babylonian Captivity" gave birth to modern Portuguese nationalism, its second overseas empire, and its modern alliance system with England. Although Spain allowed Portugal's weakened empire some autonomy, Spanish rule in Portugal became increasingly burdensome and unacceptable. Spain's ambitious imperial efforts in Europe and overseas had an impact on the Portuguese as Spain made greater and greater demands on its smaller neighbor for manpower and money. Portugal's culture underwent a controversial Castilianization, while its empire became hostage to Spain's fortunes. New rival powers England, France, and Holland attacked and took parts of Spain's empire and at the same time attacked Portugal's empire, as well as the mother country.

   Portugal's empire bore the consequences of being attacked by Spain's bitter enemies in what was a form of world war. Portuguese losses were heavy. By 1640, Portugal had lost most of its Moroccan cities as well as Ceylon, the Moluccas, and sections of India. With this, Portugal's Asian empire was gravely weakened. Only Goa, Damão, Diu, Bombay, Timor, and Macau remained and, in Brazil, Dutch forces occupied the northeast.

   On 1 December 1640, long commemorated as a national holiday, Portuguese rebels led by the duke of Braganza overthrew Spanish domination and took advantage of Spanish weakness following a more serious rebellion in Catalonia. Portugal regained independence from Spain, but at a price: dependence on foreign assistance to maintain its independence in the form of the renewal of the alliance with England.

   Restoration and Second Empire, 1640-1822

   Foreign affairs and empire dominated the restoration era and aftermath, and Portugal again briefly enjoyed greater European power and prestige. The Anglo-Portuguese Alliance was renewed and strengthened in treaties of 1642, 1654, and 1661, and Portugal's independence from Spain was underwritten by English pledges and armed assistance. In a Luso-Spanish treaty of 1668, Spain recognized Portugal's independence. Portugal's alliance with England was a marriage of convenience and necessity between two monarchies with important religious, cultural, and social differences. In return for legal, diplomatic, and trade privileges, as well as the use during war and peace of Portugal's great Lisbon harbor and colonial ports for England's navy, England pledged to protect Portugal and its scattered empire from any attack. The previously cited 17th-century alliance treaties were renewed later in the Treaty of Windsor, signed in London in 1899. On at least 10 different occasions after 1640, and during the next two centuries, England was central in helping prevent or repel foreign invasions of its ally, Portugal.

   Portugal's second empire (1640-1822) was largely Brazil-oriented. Portuguese colonization, exploitation of wealth, and emigration focused on Portuguese America, and imperial revenues came chiefly from Brazil. Between 1670 and 1740, Portugal's royalty and nobility grew wealthier on funds derived from Brazilian gold, diamonds, sugar, tobacco, and other crops, an enterprise supported by the Atlantic slave trade and the supply of African slave labor from West Africa and Angola. Visitors today can see where much of that wealth was invested: Portugal's rich legacy of monumental architecture. Meanwhile, the African slave trade took a toll in Angola and West Africa.

   In continental Portugal, absolutist monarchy dominated politics and government, and there was a struggle for position and power between the monarchy and other institutions, such as the Church and nobility. King José I's chief minister, usually known in history as the marquis of Pombal (ruled 1750-77), sharply suppressed the nobility and the

   Church (including the Inquisition, now a weak institution) and expelled the Jesuits. Pombal also made an effort to reduce economic dependence on England, Portugal's oldest ally. But his successes did not last much beyond his disputed time in office.

   Beginning in the late 18th century, the European-wide impact of the French Revolution and the rise of Napoleon placed Portugal in a vulnerable position. With the monarchy ineffectively led by an insane queen (Maria I) and her indecisive regent son (João VI), Portugal again became the focus of foreign ambition and aggression. With England unable to provide decisive assistance in time, France—with Spain's consent—invaded Portugal in 1807. As Napoleon's army under General Junot entered Lisbon meeting no resistance, Portugal's royal family fled on a British fleet to Brazil, where it remained in exile until 1821. In the meantime, Portugal's overseas empire was again under threat. There was a power vacuum as the monarch was absent, foreign armies were present, and new political notions of liberalism and constitutional monarchy were exciting various groups of citizens.

   Again England came to the rescue, this time in the form of the armies of the duke of Wellington. Three successive French invasions of Portugal were defeated and expelled, and Wellington succeeded in carrying the war against Napoleon across the Portuguese frontier into Spain. The presence of the English army, the new French-born liberal ideas, and the political vacuum combined to create revolutionary conditions. The French invasions and the peninsular wars, where Portuguese armed forces played a key role, marked the beginning of a new era in politics.

   Liberalism and Constitutional Monarchy, 1822-1910

   During 1807-22, foreign invasions, war, and civil strife over conflicting political ideas gravely damaged Portugal's commerce, economy, and novice industry. The next terrible blow was the loss of Brazil in 1822, the jewel in the imperial crown. Portugal's very independence seemed to be at risk. In vain, Portugal sought to resist Brazilian independence by force, but in 1825 it formally acknowledged Brazilian independence by treaty.

   Portugal's slow recovery from the destructive French invasions and the "war of independence" was complicated by civil strife over the form of constitutional monarchy that best suited Portugal. After struggles over these issues between 1820 and 1834, Portugal settled somewhat uncertainly into a moderate constitutional monarchy whose constitution (Charter of 1826) lent it strong political powers to exert a moderating influence between the executive and legislative branches of the government. It also featured a new upper middle class based on land ownership and commerce; a Catholic Church that, although still important, lived with reduced privileges and property; a largely African (third) empire to which Lisbon and Oporto devoted increasing spiritual and material resources, starting with the liberal imperial plans of 1836 and 1851, and continuing with the work of institutions like the Lisbon Society of Geography (established 1875); and a mass of rural peasants whose bonds to the land weakened after 1850 and who began to immigrate in increasing numbers to Brazil and North America.

   Chronic military intervention in national politics began in 19th-century Portugal. Such intervention, usually commencing with coups or pronunciamentos (military revolts), was a shortcut to the spoils of political office and could reflect popular discontent as well as the power of personalities. An early example of this was the 1817 golpe (coup) attempt of General Gomes Freire against British military rule in Portugal before the return of King João VI from Brazil. Except for a more stable period from 1851 to 1880, military intervention in politics, or the threat thereof, became a feature of the constitutional monarchy's political life, and it continued into the First Republic and the subsequent Estado Novo.

   Beginning with the Regeneration period (1851-80), Portugal experienced greater political stability and economic progress. Military intervention in politics virtually ceased; industrialization and construction of railroads, roads, and bridges proceeded; two political parties (Regenerators and Historicals) worked out a system of rotation in power; and leading intellectuals sparked a cultural revival in several fields. In 19th-century literature, there was a new golden age led by such figures as Alexandre Herculano (historian), Eça de Queirós (novelist), Almeida Garrett (playwright and essayist), Antero de Quental (poet), and Joaquim Oliveira Martins (historian and social scientist). In its third overseas empire, Portugal attempted to replace the slave trade and slavery with legitimate economic activities; to reform the administration; and to expand Portuguese holdings beyond coastal footholds deep into the African hinterlands in West, West Central, and East Africa. After 1841, to some extent, and especially after 1870, colonial affairs, combined with intense nationalism, pressures for economic profit in Africa, sentiment for national revival, and the drift of European affairs would make or break Lisbon governments.

   Beginning with the political crisis that arose out of the "English Ultimatum" affair of January 1890, the monarchy became discredtted and identified with the poorly functioning government, political parties splintered, and republicanism found more supporters. Portugal participated in the "Scramble for Africa," expanding its African holdings, but failed to annex territory connecting Angola and Mozambique. A growing foreign debt and state bankruptcy as of the early 1890s damaged the constitutional monarchy's reputation, despite the efforts of King Carlos in diplomacy, the renewal of the alliance in the Windsor Treaty of 1899, and the successful if bloody colonial wars in the empire (1880-97). Republicanism proclaimed that Portugal's weak economy and poor society were due to two historic institutions: the monarchy and the Catholic Church. A republic, its stalwarts claimed, would bring greater individual liberty; efficient, if more decentralized government; and a stronger colonial program while stripping the Church of its role in both society and education.

   As the monarchy lost support and republicans became more aggressive, violence increased in politics. King Carlos I and his heir Luís were murdered in Lisbon by anarchist-republicans on 1 February 1908. Following a military and civil insurrection and fighting between monarchist and republican forces, on 5 October 1910, King Manuel II fled Portugal and a republic was proclaimed.

   First Parliamentary Republic, 1910-26

   Portugal's first attempt at republican government was the most unstable, turbulent parliamentary republic in the history of 20th-century Western Europe. During a little under 16 years of the republic, there were 45 governments, a number of legislatures that did not complete normal terms, military coups, and only one president who completed his four-year term in office. Portuguese society was poorly prepared for this political experiment. Among the deadly legacies of the monarchy were a huge public debt; a largely rural, apolitical, and illiterate peasant population; conflict over the causes of the country's misfortunes; and lack of experience with a pluralist, democratic system.

   The republic had some talented leadership but lacked popular, institutional, and economic support. The 1911 republican constitution established only a limited democracy, as only a small portion of the adult male citizenry was eligible to vote. In a country where the majority was Catholic, the republic passed harshly anticlerical laws, and its institutions and supporters persecuted both the Church and its adherents. During its brief disjointed life, the First Republic drafted important reform plans in economic, social, and educational affairs; actively promoted development in the empire; and pursued a liberal, generous foreign policy. Following British requests for Portugal's assistance in World War I, Portugal entered the war on the Allied side in March 1916 and sent armies to Flanders and Portuguese Africa. Portugal's intervention in that conflict, however, was too costly in many respects, and the ultimate failure of the republic in part may be ascribed to Portugal's World War I activities.

   Unfortunately for the republic, its time coincided with new threats to Portugal's African possessions: World War I, social and political demands from various classes that could not be reconciled, excessive military intervention in politics, and, in particular, the worst economic and financial crisis Portugal had experienced since the 16th and 17th centuries. After the original Portuguese Republican Party (PRP, also known as the "Democrats") splintered into three warring groups in 1912, no true multiparty system emerged. The Democrats, except for only one or two elections, held an iron monopoly of electoral power, and political corruption became a major issue. As extreme right-wing dictatorships elsewhere in Europe began to take power in Italy (1922), neighboring Spain (1923), and Greece (1925), what scant popular support remained for the republic collapsed. Backed by a right-wing coalition of landowners from Alentejo, clergy, Coimbra University faculty and students, Catholic organizations, and big business, career military officers led by General Gomes da Costa executed a coup on 28 May 1926, turned out the last republican government, and established a military government.

   The Estado Novo (New State), 1926-74

   During the military phase (1926-32) of the Estado Novo, professional military officers, largely from the army, governed and administered Portugal and held key cabinet posts, but soon discovered that the military possessed no magic formula that could readily solve the problems inherited from the First Republic. Especially during the years 1926-31, the military dictatorship, even with its political repression of republican activities and institutions (military censorship of the press, political police action, and closure of the republic's rowdy parliament), was characterized by similar weaknesses: personalism and factionalism; military coups and political instability, including civil strife and loss of life; state debt and bankruptcy; and a weak economy. "Barracks parliamentarism" was not an acceptable alternative even to the "Nightmare Republic."

   Led by General Óscar Carmona, who had replaced and sent into exile General Gomes da Costa, the military dictatorship turned to a civilian expert in finance and economics to break the budget impasse and bring coherence to the disorganized system. Appointed minister of finance on 27 April 1928, the Coimbra University Law School professor of economics Antônio de Oliveira Salazar (1889-1970) first reformed finance, helped balance the budget, and then turned to other concerns as he garnered extraordinary governing powers. In 1930, he was appointed interim head of another key ministry (Colonies) and within a few years had become, in effect, a civilian dictator who, with the military hierarchy's support, provided the government with coherence, a program, and a set of policies.

   For nearly 40 years after he was appointed the first civilian prime minister in 1932, Salazar's personality dominated the government. Unlike extreme right-wing dictators elsewhere in Europe, Salazar was directly appointed by the army but was never endorsed by a popular political party, street militia, or voter base. The scholarly, reclusive former Coimbra University professor built up what became known after 1932 as the Estado Novo ("New State"), which at the time of its overthrow by another military coup in 1974, was the longest surviving authoritarian regime in Western Europe. The system of Salazar and the largely academic and technocratic ruling group he gathered in his cabinets was based on the central bureaucracy of the state, which was supported by the president of the republic—always a senior career military officer, General Óscar Carmona (1928-51), General Craveiro Lopes (1951-58), and Admiral Américo Tómaz (1958-74)—and the complicity of various institutions. These included a rubber-stamp legislature called the National Assembly (1935-74) and a political police known under various names: PVDE (1932-45), PIDE (1945-69),

   and DGS (1969-74). Other defenders of the Estado Novo security were paramilitary organizations such as the National Republican Guard (GNR); the Portuguese Legion (PL); and the Portuguese Youth [Movement]. In addition to censorship of the media, theater, and books, there was political repression and a deliberate policy of depoliticization. All political parties except for the approved movement of regime loyalists, the União Nacional or (National Union), were banned.

   The most vigorous and more popular period of the New State was 1932-44, when the basic structures were established. Never monolithic or entirely the work of one person (Salazar), the New State was constructed with the assistance of several dozen top associates who were mainly academics from law schools, some technocrats with specialized skills, and a handful of trusted career military officers. The 1933 Constitution declared Portugal to be a "unitary, corporative Republic," and pressures to restore the monarchy were resisted. Although some of the regime's followers were fascists and pseudofascists, many more were conservative Catholics, integralists, nationalists, and monarchists of different varieties, and even some reactionary republicans. If the New State was authoritarian, it was not totalitarian and, unlike fascism in Benito Mussolini's Italy or Adolf Hitler's Germany, it usually employed the minimum of violence necessary to defeat what remained a largely fractious, incoherent opposition.

   With the tumultuous Second Republic and the subsequent civil war in nearby Spain, the regime felt threatened and reinforced its defenses. During what Salazar rightly perceived as a time of foreign policy crisis for Portugal (1936-45), he assumed control of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs. From there, he pursued four basic foreign policy objectives: supporting the Nationalist rebels of General Francisco Franco in the Spanish Civil War (1936-39) and concluding defense treaties with a triumphant Franco; ensuring that General Franco in an exhausted Spain did not enter World War II on the Axis side; maintaining Portuguese neutrality in World War II with a post-1942 tilt toward the Allies, including granting Britain and the United States use of bases in the Azores Islands; and preserving and protecting Portugal's Atlantic Islands and its extensive, if poor, overseas empire in Africa and Asia.

   During the middle years of the New State (1944-58), many key Salazar associates in government either died or resigned, and there was greater social unrest in the form of unprecedented strikes and clandestine Communist activities, intensified opposition, and new threatening international pressures on Portugal's overseas empire. During the earlier phase of the Cold War (1947-60), Portugal became a steadfast, if weak, member of the US-dominated North Atlantic Treaty Organization alliance and, in 1955, with American support, Portugal joined the United Nations (UN). Colonial affairs remained a central concern of the regime. As of 1939, Portugal was the third largest colonial power in the world and possessed territories in tropical Africa (Angola, Mozambique, Guinea-Bissau, and São Tomé and Príncipe Islands) and the remnants of its 16th-century empire in Asia (Goa, Damão, Diu, East Timor, and Macau). Beginning in the early 1950s, following the independence of India in 1947, Portugal resisted Indian pressures to decolonize Portuguese India and used police forces to discourage internal opposition in its Asian and African colonies.

   The later years of the New State (1958-68) witnessed the aging of the increasingly isolated but feared Salazar and new threats both at home and overseas. Although the regime easily overcame the brief oppositionist threat from rival presidential candidate General Humberto Delgado in the spring of 1958, new developments in the African and Asian empires imperiled the authoritarian system. In February 1961, oppositionists hijacked the Portuguese ocean liner Santa Maria and, in following weeks, African insurgents in northern Angola, although they failed to expel the Portuguese, gained worldwide media attention, discredited the New State, and began the 13-year colonial war. After thwarting a dissident military coup against his continued leadership, Salazar and his ruling group mobilized military repression in Angola and attempted to develop the African colonies at a faster pace in order to ensure Portuguese control. Meanwhile, the other European colonial powers (Britain, France, Belgium, and Spain) rapidly granted political independence to their African territories.

   At the time of Salazar's removal from power in September 1968, following a stroke, Portugal's efforts to maintain control over its colonies appeared to be successful. President Americo Tomás appointed Dr. Marcello Caetano as Salazar's successor as prime minister. While maintaining the New State's basic structures, and continuing the regime's essential colonial policy, Caetano attempted wider reforms in colonial administration and some devolution of power from Lisbon, as well as more freedom of expression in Lisbon. Still, a great deal of the budget was devoted to supporting the wars against the insurgencies in Africa. Meanwhile in Asia, Portuguese India had fallen when the Indian army invaded in December 1961. The loss of Goa was a psychological blow to the leadership of the New State, and of the Asian empire only East Timor and Macau remained.

   The Caetano years (1968-74) were but a hiatus between the waning Salazar era and a new regime. There was greater political freedom and rapid economic growth (5-6 percent annually to late 1973), but Caetano's government was unable to reform the old system thoroughly and refused to consider new methods either at home or in the empire. In the end, regime change came from junior officers of the professional military who organized the Armed Forces Movement (MFA) against the Caetano government. It was this group of several hundred officers, mainly in the army and navy, which engineered a largely bloodless coup in Lisbon on 25 April 1974. Their unexpected action brought down the 48-year-old New State and made possible the eventual establishment and consolidation of democratic governance in Portugal, as well as a reorientation of the country away from the Atlantic toward Europe.

   Revolution of Carnations, 1974-76

   Following successful military operations of the Armed Forces Movement against the Caetano government, Portugal experienced what became known as the "Revolution of Carnations." It so happened that during the rainy week of the military golpe, Lisbon flower shops were featuring carnations, and the revolutionaries and their supporters adopted the red carnation as the common symbol of the event, as well as of the new freedom from dictatorship. The MFA, whose leaders at first were mostly little-known majors and captains, proclaimed a three-fold program of change for the new Portugal: democracy; decolonization of the overseas empire, after ending the colonial wars; and developing a backward economy in the spirit of opportunity and equality. During the first 24 months after the coup, there was civil strife, some anarchy, and a power struggle. With the passing of the Estado Novo, public euphoria burst forth as the new provisional military government proclaimed the freedoms of speech, press, and assembly, and abolished censorship, the political police, the Portuguese Legion, Portuguese Youth, and other New State organizations, including the National Union. Scores of political parties were born and joined the senior political party, the Portuguese Community Party (PCP), and the Socialist Party (PS), founded shortly before the coup.

   Portugal's Revolution of Carnations went through several phases. There was an attempt to take control by radical leftists, including the PCP and its allies. This was thwarted by moderate officers in the army, as well as by the efforts of two political parties: the PS and the Social Democrats (PPD, later PSD). The first phase was from April to September 1974. Provisional president General Antonio Spínola, whose 1974 book Portugal and the Future had helped prepare public opinion for the coup, met irresistible leftist pressures. After Spinola's efforts to avoid rapid decolonization of the African empire failed, he resigned in September 1974. During the second phase, from September 1974 to March 1975, radical military officers gained control, but a coup attempt by General Spínola and his supporters in Lisbon in March 1975 failed and Spínola fled to Spain.

   In the third phase of the Revolution, March-November 1975, a strong leftist reaction followed. Farm workers occupied and "nationalized" 1.1 million hectares of farmland in the Alentejo province, and radical military officers in the provisional government ordered the nationalization of Portuguese banks (foreign banks were exempted), utilities, and major industries, or about 60 percent of the economic system. There were power struggles among various political parties — a total of 50 emerged—and in the streets there was civil strife among labor, military, and law enforcement groups. A constituent assembly, elected on 25 April 1975, in Portugal's first free elections since 1926, drafted a democratic constitution. The Council of the Revolution (CR), briefly a revolutionary military watchdog committee, was entrenched as part of the government under the constitution, until a later revision. During the chaotic year of 1975, about 30 persons were killed in political frays while unstable provisional governments came and went. On 25 November 1975, moderate military forces led by Colonel Ramalho Eanes, who later was twice elected president of the republic (1976 and 1981), defeated radical, leftist military groups' revolutionary conspiracies.

   In the meantime, Portugal's scattered overseas empire experienced a precipitous and unprepared decolonization. One by one, the former colonies were granted and accepted independence—Guinea-Bissau (September 1974), Cape Verde Islands (July 1975), and Mozambique (July 1975). Portugal offered to turn over Macau to the People's Republic of China, but the offer was refused then and later negotiations led to the establishment of a formal decolonization or hand-over date of 1999. But in two former colonies, the process of decolonization had tragic results.

   In Angola, decolonization negotiations were greatly complicated by the fact that there were three rival nationalist movements in a struggle for power. The January 1975 Alvor Agreement signed by Portugal and these three parties was not effectively implemented. A bloody civil war broke out in Angola in the spring of 1975 and, when Portuguese armed forces withdrew and declared that Angola was independent on 11 November 1975, the bloodshed only increased. Meanwhile, most of the white Portuguese settlers from Angola and Mozambique fled during the course of 1975. Together with African refugees, more than 600,000 of these retornados ("returned ones") went by ship and air to Portugal and thousands more to Namibia, South Africa, Brazil, Canada, and the United States.

   The second major decolonization disaster was in Portugal's colony of East Timor in the Indonesian archipelago. Portugal's capacity to supervise and control a peaceful transition to independence in this isolated, neglected colony was limited by the strength of giant Indonesia, distance from Lisbon, and Portugal's revolutionary disorder and inability to defend Timor. In early December 1975, before Portugal granted formal independence and as one party, FRETILIN, unilaterally declared East Timor's independence, Indonesia's armed forces invaded, conquered, and annexed East Timor. Indonesian occupation encountered East Timorese resistance, and a heavy loss of life followed. The East Timor question remained a contentious international issue in the UN, as well as in Lisbon and Jakarta, for more than 20 years following Indonesia's invasion and annexation of the former colony of Portugal. Major changes occurred, beginning in 1998, after Indonesia underwent a political revolution and allowed a referendum in East Timor to decide that territory's political future in August 1999. Most East Timorese chose independence, but Indonesian forces resisted that verdict until

   UN intervention in September 1999. Following UN rule for several years, East Timor attained full independence on 20 May 2002.

   Consolidation of Democracy, 1976-2000

   After several free elections and record voter turnouts between 25 April 1975 and June 1976, civil war was averted and Portugal's second democratic republic began to stabilize. The MFA was dissolved, the military were returned to the barracks, and increasingly elected civilians took over the government of the country. The 1976 Constitution was revised several times beginning in 1982 and 1989, in order to reempha-size the principle of free enterprise in the economy while much of the large, nationalized sector was privatized. In June 1976, General Ram-alho Eanes was elected the first constitutional president of the republic (five-year term), and he appointed socialist leader Dr. Mário Soares as prime minister of the first constitutional government.

   From 1976 to 1985, Portugal's new system featured a weak economy and finances, labor unrest, and administrative and political instability. The difficult consolidation of democratic governance was eased in part by the strong currency and gold reserves inherited from the Estado Novo, but Lisbon seemed unable to cope with high unemployment, new debt, the complex impact of the refugees from Africa, world recession, and the agitation of political parties. Four major parties emerged from the maelstrom of 1974-75, except for the Communist Party, all newly founded. They were, from left to right, the Communists (PCP); the Socialists (PS), who managed to dominate governments and the legislature but not win a majority in the Assembly of the Republic; the Social Democrats (PSD); and the Christian Democrats (CDS). During this period, the annual growth rate was low (l-2 percent), and the nationalized sector of the economy stagnated.

   Enhanced economic growth, greater political stability, and more effective central government as of 1985, and especially 1987, were due to several developments. In 1977, Portugal applied for membership in the European Economic Community (EEC), now the European Union (EU) since 1993. In January 1986, with Spain, Portugal was granted membership, and economic and financial progress in the intervening years has been significantly influenced by the comparatively large investment, loans, technology, advice, and other assistance from the EEC. Low unemployment, high annual growth rates (5 percent), and moderate inflation have also been induced by the new political and administrative stability in Lisbon. Led by Prime Minister Cavaco Silva, an economist who was trained abroad, the PSD's strong organization, management, and electoral support since 1985 have assisted in encouraging economic recovery and development. In 1985, the PSD turned the PS out of office and won the general election, although they did not have an absolute majority of assembly seats. In 1986, Mário Soares was elected president of the republic, the first civilian to hold that office since the First Republic. In the elections of 1987 and 1991, however, the PSD was returned to power with clear majorities of over 50 percent of the vote.

   Although the PSD received 50.4 percent of the vote in the 1991 parliamentary elections and held a 42-seat majority in the Assembly of the Republic, the party began to lose public support following media revelations regarding corruption and complaints about Prime Minister Cavaco Silva's perceived arrogant leadership style. President Mário Soares voiced criticism of the PSD's seemingly untouchable majority and described a "tyranny of the majority." Economic growth slowed down. In the parliamentary elections of 1995 and the presidential election of 1996, the PSD's dominance ended for the time being. Prime Minister Antônio Guterres came to office when the PS won the October 1995 elections, and in the subsequent presidential contest, in January 1996, socialist Jorge Sampaio, the former mayor of Lisbon, was elected president of the republic, thus defeating Cavaco Silva's bid. Young and popular, Guterres moved the PS toward the center of the political spectrum. Under Guterres, the PS won the October 1999 parliamentary elections. The PS defeated the PSD but did not manage to win a clear, working majority of seats, and this made the PS dependent upon alliances with smaller parties, including the PCP.

   In the local elections in December 2001, the PSD's criticism of PS's heavy public spending allowed the PSD to take control of the key cities of Lisbon, Oporto, and Coimbra. Guterres resigned, and parliamentary elections were brought forward from 2004 to March 2002. The PSD won a narrow victory with 40 percent of the votes, and Jose Durão Barroso became prime minister. Having failed to win a majority of the seats in parliament forced the PSD to govern in coalition with the right-wing Popular Party (PP) led by Paulo Portas. Durão Barroso set about reducing government spending by cutting the budgets of local authorities, freezing civil service hiring, and reviving the economy by accelerating privatization of state-owned enterprises. These measures provoked a 24-hour strike by public-sector workers. Durão Barroso reacted with vows to press ahead with budget-cutting measures and imposed a wage freeze on all employees earning more than €1,000, which affected more than one-half of Portugal's work force.

   In June 2004, Durão Barroso was invited by Romano Prodi to succeed him as president of the European Commission. Durão Barroso accepted and resigned the prime ministership in July. Pedro Santana Lopes, the leader of the PSD, became prime minister. Already unpopular at the time of Durão Barroso's resignation, the PSD-led government became increasingly unpopular under Santana Lopes. A month-long delay in the start of the school year and confusion over his plan to cut taxes and raise public-sector salaries, eroded confidence even more. By November, Santana Lopes's government was so unpopular that President Jorge Sampaio was obliged to dissolve parliament and hold new elections, two years ahead of schedule.

   Parliamentary elections were held on 20 February 2005. The PS, which had promised the electorate disciplined and transparent governance, educational reform, the alleviation of poverty, and a boost in employment, won 45 percent of the vote and the majority of the seats in parliament. The leader of the PS, José Sôcrates became prime minister on 12 March 2005. In the regularly scheduled presidential elections held on 6 January 2006, the former leader of the PSD and prime minister, Aníbal Cavaco Silva, won a narrow victory and became president on 9 March 2006. With a mass protest, public teachers' strike, and street demonstrations in March 2008, Portugal's media, educational, and social systems experienced more severe pressures. With the spreading global recession beginning in September 2008, Portugal's economic and financial systems became more troubled.

    Contemporary Portugal

   Owing to its geographic location on the southwestern most edge of continental Europe, Portugal has been historically in but not of Europe. Almost from the beginning of its existence in the 12th century as an independent monarchy, Portugal turned its back on Europe and oriented itself toward the Atlantic Ocean. After carving out a Christian kingdom on the western portion of the Iberian peninsula, Portuguese kings gradually built and maintained a vast seaborne global empire that became central to the way Portugal understood its individuality as a nation-state. While the creation of this empire allows Portugal to claim an unusual number of "firsts" or distinctions in world and Western history, it also retarded Portugal's economic, social, and political development. It can be reasonably argued that the Revolution of 25 April 1974 was the most decisive event in Portugal's long history because it finally ended Portugal's oceanic mission and view of itself as an imperial power. After the 1974 Revolution, Portugal turned away from its global mission and vigorously reoriented itself toward Europe. Contemporary Portugal is now both in and of Europe.

   The turn toward Europe began immediately after 25 April 1974. Portugal granted independence to its African colonies in 1975. It was admitted to the European Council and took the first steps toward accession to the European Economic Community (EEC) in 1976. On 28 March 1977, the Portuguese government officially applied for EEC membership. Because of Portugal's economic and social backwardness, which would require vast sums of EEC money to overcome, negotiations for membership were long and difficult. Finally, a treaty of accession was signed on 12 June 1985. Portugal officially joined the EEC (the European Union [EU] since 1993) on 1 January 1986. Since becoming a full-fledged member of the EU, Portugal has been steadily overcoming the economic and social underdevelopment caused by its imperial past and is becoming more like the rest of Europe.

   Membership in the EU has speeded up the structural transformation of Portugal's economy, which actually began during the Estado Novo. Investments made by the Estado Novo in Portugal's economy began to shift employment out of the agricultural sector, which, in 1950, accounted for 50 percent of Portugal's economically active population. Today, only 10 percent of the economically active population is employed in the agricultural sector (the highest among EU member states); 30 percent in the industrial sector (also the highest among EU member states); and 60 percent in the service sector (the lowest among EU member states). The economically active population numbers about 5,000,000 employed, 56 percent of whom are women. Women workers are the majority of the workforce in the agricultural and service sectors (the highest among the EU member states). The expansion of the service sector has been primarily in health care and education. Portugal has had the lowest unemployment rates among EU member states, with the overall rate never being more than 10 percent of the active population. Since joining the EU, the number of employers increased from 2.6 percent to 5.8 percent of the active population; self-employed from 16 to 19 percent; and employees from 65 to 70 percent. Twenty-six percent of the employers are women. Unemployment tends to hit younger workers in industry and transportation, women employed in domestic service, workers on short-term contracts, and poorly educated workers. Salaried workers earn only 63 percent of the EU average, and hourly workers only one-third to one-half of that earned by their EU counterparts. Despite having had the second highest growth of gross national product (GNP) per inhabitant (after Ireland) among EU member states, the above data suggest that while much has been accomplished in terms of modernizing the Portuguese economy, much remains to be done to bring Portugal's economy up to the level of the "average" EU member state.

   Membership in the EU has also speeded up changes in Portuguese society. Over the last 30 years, coastalization and urbanization have intensified. Fully 50 percent of Portuguese live in the coastal urban conurbations of Lisbon, Oporto, Braga, Aveiro, Coimbra, Viseu, Évora, and Faro. The Portuguese population is one of the oldest among EU member states (17.3 percent are 65 years of age or older) thanks to a considerable increase in life expectancy at birth (77.87 years for the total population, 74.6 years for men, 81.36 years for women) and one of the lowest birthrates (10.59 births/1,000) in Europe. Family size averages 2.8 persons per household, with the strict nuclear family (one or two generations) in which both parents work being typical. Common law marriages, cohabitating couples, and single-parent households are more and more common. The divorce rate has also increased. "Youth Culture" has developed. The young have their own meeting places, leisure-time activities, and nightlife (bars, clubs, and discos).

   All Portuguese citizens, whether they have contributed or not, have a right to an old-age pension, invalidity benefits, widowed persons' pension, as well as payments for disabilities, children, unemployment, and large families. There is a national minimum wage (€385 per month), which is low by EU standards. The rapid aging of Portugal's population has changed the ratio of contributors to pensioners to 1.7, the lowest in the EU. This has created deficits in Portugal's social security fund.

   The adult literacy rate is about 92 percent. Illiteracy is still found among the elderly. Although universal compulsory education up to grade 9 was achieved in 1980, only 21.2 percent of the population aged 25-64 had undergone secondary education, compared to an EU average of 65.7 percent. Portugal's higher education system currently consists of 14 state universities and 14 private universities, 15 state polytechnic institutions, one Catholic university, and one military academy. All in all, Portugal spends a greater percentage of its state budget on education than most EU member states. Despite this high level of expenditure, the troubled Portuguese education system does not perform well. Early leaving and repetition rates are among the highest among EU member states.

   After the Revolution of 25 April 1974, Portugal created a National Health Service, which today consists of 221 hospitals and 512 medical centers employing 33,751 doctors and 41,799 nurses. Like its education system, Portugal's medical system is inefficient. There are long waiting lists for appointments with specialists and for surgical procedures.

   Structural changes in Portugal's economy and society mean that social life in Portugal is not too different from that in other EU member states. A mass consumption society has been created. Televisions, telephones, refrigerators, cars, music equipment, mobile phones, and personal computers are commonplace. Sixty percent of Portuguese households possess at least one automobile, and 65 percent of Portuguese own their own home. Portuguese citizens are more aware of their legal rights than ever before. This has resulted in a trebling of the number of legal proceeding since 1960 and an eight-fold increase in the number of lawyers. In general, Portuguese society has become more permissive and secular; the Catholic Church and the armed forces are much less influential than in the past. Portugal's population is also much more culturally, religiously, and ethnically diverse, a consequence of the coming to Portugal of hundreds of thousands of immigrants, mainly from former African colonies.

   Portuguese are becoming more cosmopolitan and sophisticated through the impact of world media, the Internet, and the World Wide Web. A prime case in point came in the summer and early fall of 1999, with the extraordinary events in East Timor and the massive Portuguese popular responses. An internationally monitored referendum in East Timor, Portugal's former colony in the Indonesian archipelago and under Indonesian occupation from late 1975 to summer 1999, resulted in a vote of 78.5 percent for rejecting integration with Indonesia and for independence. When Indonesian prointegration gangs, aided by the Indonesian military, responded to the referendum with widespread brutality and threatened to reverse the verdict of the referendum, there was a spontaneous popular outpouring of protest in the cities and towns of Portugal. An avalanche of Portuguese e-mail fell on leaders and groups in the UN and in certain countries around the world as Portugal's diplomats, perhaps to compensate for the weak initial response to Indonesian armed aggression in 1975, called for the protection of East Timor as an independent state and for UN intervention to thwart Indonesian action. Using global communications networks, the Portuguese were able to mobilize UN and world public opinion against Indonesian actions and aided the eventual independence of East Timor on 20 May 2002.

   From the Revolution of 25 April 1974 until the 1990s, Portugal had a large number of political parties, one of the largest Communist parties in western Europe, frequent elections, and endemic cabinet instability. Since the 1990s, the number of political parties has been dramatically reduced and cabinet stability increased. Gradually, the Portuguese electorate has concentrated around two larger parties, the right-of-center Social Democrats (PSD) and the left-of-center Socialist (PS). In the 1980s, these two parties together garnered 65 percent of the vote and 70 percent of the seats in parliament. In 2005, these percentages had risen to 74 percent and 85 percent, respectively. In effect, Portugal is currently a two-party dominant system in which the two largest parties — PS and PSD—alternate in and out of power, not unlike the rotation of the two main political parties (the Regenerators and the Historicals) during the last decades (1850s to 1880s) of the liberal constitutional monarchy. As Portugal's democracy has consolidated, turnout rates for the eligible electorate have declined. In the 1970s, turnout was 85 percent. In Portugal's most recent parliamentary election (2005), turnout had fallen to 65 percent of the eligible electorate.

   Portugal has benefited greatly from membership in the EU, and whatever doubts remain about the price paid for membership, no Portuguese government in the near future can afford to sever this connection. The vast majority of Portuguese citizens see membership in the EU as a "good thing" and strongly believe that Portugal has benefited from membership. Only the Communist Party opposed membership because it reduces national sovereignty, serves the interests of capitalists not workers, and suffers from a democratic deficit. Despite the high level of support for the EU, Portuguese voters are increasingly not voting in elections for the European Parliament, however. Turnout for European Parliament elections fell from 40 percent of the eligible electorate in the 1999 elections to 38 percent in the 2004 elections.

   In sum, Portugal's turn toward Europe has done much to overcome its backwardness. However, despite the economic, social, and political progress made since 1986, Portugal has a long way to go before it can claim to be on a par with the level found even in Spain, much less the rest of western Europe. As Portugal struggles to move from underde-velopment, especially in the rural areas away from the coast, it must keep in mind the perils of too rapid modern development, which could damage two of its most precious assets: its scenery and environment. The growth and future prosperity of the economy will depend on the degree to which the government and the private sector will remain stewards of clean air, soil, water, and other finite resources on which the tourism industry depends and on which Portugal's world image as a unique place to visit rests. Currently, Portugal is investing heavily in renewable energy from solar, wind, and wave power in order to account for about 50 percent of its electricity needs by 2010. Portugal opened the world's largest solar power plant and the world's first commercial wave power farm in 2006.

   An American documentary film on Portugal produced in the 1970s described this little country as having "a Past in Search of a Future." In the years after the Revolution of 25 April 1974, it could be said that Portugal is now living in "a Present in Search of a Future." Increasingly, that future lies in Europe as an active and productive member of the EU.

Historical dictionary of Portugal > Historical Portugal

15 acción

f.

1 action, act, deed.

2 share, equity, stock certificate, share certificate.

3 action, acting.

4 action, movement.

5 operation.

6 suit, lawsuit, action, case.

* * *

acción

► nombre femenino

1 action (acto) act, deed

2 (efecto) effect

■ la acción del agua sobre la piel the effect of water on the skin

3 COMERCIO share

4 DERECHO action, lawsuit

5 TEATRO plot

6 MILITAR action

\

FRASEOLOGÍA

ejercitar una acción contra alguien DERECHO to bring an action against somebody

entrar en acción MILITAR to go into action

ponerse en acción to start doing something

acción de gracias thanksgiving

acción de guerra act of war

campo de acción field of action

hombre de acción man of action

película de acción adventure film

* * *

noun m.

1) action

2) act, deed

3) share, stock

* * *

SF

1) (=actividad) action

es hora de pasar a la acción — it's time to take action

¡luces, cámara, acción! — lights, camera, action!

el programa de acción — the programme of action

• en acción — in action

puso el plan en acción — he put the plan in action

ponerse en acción — to go into action

• estar en acción — Cuba * to be busy

• hombre de acción — man of action

• película de acción — action film, action movie ( esp EEUU)

acción directa — (Pol) direct action

2) (=acto) act

llevaron a cabo una acción condenable — they committed a reprehensible act

deben ser juzgados por sus acciones y no por sus palabras — they should be judged by their deeds, not by their words

• buena acción — good deed

• mala acción, sufrirán justo castigo por sus malas acciones — they will receive fair punishment for their evil deeds

es incapaz de una mala acción — he would never do anything bad

- unir la acción a la palabra

acción de gracias — thanksgiving

3) (=efecto) [de medicamento, viento] action

su acción sobre el sistema nervioso — its action on the nervous system

por acción química — by chemical action

una crema adelgazante de acción rápida — a fast-acting slimming cream

lo recomiendan por su acción relajante — it is recommended for its relaxing effect

• de acción retardada — [bomba, mecanismo] delayed-action antes de s

4) (Mil) [gen] action; (=operación) operation

han condenado la acción militar estadounidense — the American military action has been condemned

una de las zonas de acción de la guerrilla — one of the areas where the guerrillas are active

una acción que dejó varios heridos — an operation which left several wounded

• muerto en acción — killed in action

• fuerza o brigada de acción rápida — rapid action force

acción de guerra — military operation

5) (Teat, Literat, Cine) (=trama) action

la acción se desarrolla en Italia — the action takes place in Italy

acción aparte — by-play

6) (=movimiento) [de la cara, cuerpo] movement

sus acciones eran cada vez más lentas — her movements were slower and slower

7) (Jur) action

acción judicial, acción legal — [gen] legal action; (=pleito) lawsuit

van a emprender acciones legales — they are going to take legal action

han presentado una acción judicial contra el periódico — they have taken out a lawsuit against the newspaper

acción penal — criminal action

acción popular — people's action

8) (Com, Econ) share

capital en acciones — share capital

emisión de acciones — share issue, stock issue

acción cotizada en bolsa — listed share, quoted share

acción de oro — golden share

acción liberada — fully-paid share

acción ordinaria — ordinary share, common stock (EEUU)

acción preferente — preference share, preferred stock (EEUU)

acción primitiva — ordinary share, common stock (EEUU)

acción prioritaria — priority share

acción sin voto — non-voting share

* * *

femenino

1) (acto, hecho) act

hacer una buena acción — to do a good deed

acciones dignas de elogio — praiseworthy acts o actions

- acción de gracias

2) ( actividad) action

poner algo en acción — to put something into action

novela de acción — adventure story

luces, cámara, acción! — lights, camera, action!

3) (Mil) action

entrar en acción — to go into action

acción defensiva/ofensiva — defensive/offensive action

muerto en acción — killed in action

4) (influencia, efecto) action

está bajo la acción de un sedante — she is under sedation

5) (Cin, Lit) ( trama) action, plot

6) (Der) action, lawsuit

7) (Fin) share

acciones — shares o stock

emitir acciones — to issue shares o stock

- acciones nominales/ordinarias

8) (Per) ( de una rifa) ticket

* * *

femenino

1) (acto, hecho) act

hacer una buena acción — to do a good deed

acciones dignas de elogio — praiseworthy acts o actions

- acción de gracias

2) ( actividad) action

poner algo en acción — to put something into action

novela de acción — adventure story

luces, cámara, acción! — lights, camera, action!

3) (Mil) action

entrar en acción — to go into action

acción defensiva/ofensiva — defensive/offensive action

muerto en acción — killed in action

4) (influencia, efecto) action

está bajo la acción de un sedante — she is under sedation

5) (Cin, Lit) ( trama) action, plot

6) (Der) action, lawsuit

7) (Fin) share

acciones — shares o stock

emitir acciones — to issue shares o stock

- acciones nominales/ordinarias

8) (Per) ( de una rifa) ticket

* * *

acción¹

¹ = action, action, action project, deed.

Ex: Coates believed that in order to conceptualise an action it is necessary to visualise the thing on which the action is being performed.

Ex: Americans, convinced that education could be the panacea for all their ills, answered with vigorous action.

Ex: Action projects include a computer database of all parochial charities in England and Wales, a survey of all charities, and production of a charity newsheet.

Ex: Books were kept for historical records of deeds done by the inhabitants: their worthy acts as well as their sins.

* acción compensatoria = anti-dumping action, countervailing action.

* acción concertada = concerted action project, concerted action.

* acción contra el fuego = fire response.

* acción de averiguar y resolver problemas = troubleshooting [trouble shooting].

* acción de dar un nombre a Algo = naming.

* acción de ejercer presión = lobbying.

* acción de guardar documentos = save.

* acción de marcar un número = dialling.

* acción de mejora = improvement action.

* acción de volver a contar algo = retelling.

* acción de volver a tejar = retiling.

* acción directa = direct action project, direct action.

* acciones legales = legal proceedings.

* acciones positivas = affirmative action.

* acción indirecta = indirect action project.

* acción innegable = estoppel.

* acción legal = legal action.

* acción militar = military action.

* acción policial = police response.

* acción popular = class action suit, class action.

* acción positiva = positive action.

* acción transitiva = transitive actions.

* ámbito de acción = territory, sphere of influence.

* amplio radio de acción = broad scope.

* área de acción = remit.

* aventura de acción = action adventure.

* campo de acción = purview, scope.

* con una sola acción = in one action.

* de acción = action-centered.

* dentro del radio de acción = within range.

* ejecutar una acción = effect + execution.

* emprender acciones legales = take + legal proceedings, take + legal action.

* emprender una acción = initiate + action.

* entrar en acción = enter + the picture.

* grupo de acción ciudadana = citizen action group, community action group.

* impulsar a la acción = galvanise into + action.

* incitar a Alguien a la acción = stir + Nombre + into action.

* investigación-acción = action research.

* libertad de acción = leeway.

* línea de acción = course of action.

* lleno de acción = actionful [action-full], action-packed.

* llevar a cabo una acción = effect + execution.

* película de acción = action movie, action adventure.

* persona de acción = doer.

* radio de acción = radius of + Posesivo + action.

* realizar una acción = perform + action, effect + execution.

* seguir un curso de acción = follow + track.

* término de acción = action term.

* trazabilidad de las acciones = action tracking.

acción²

² = share, shareholding.

Ex: Shares are generally bought and sold on the stock exchange.

Ex: This article discusses the possibility of joint ventures, with Western companies purchasing a shareholding to give them a say in the running of Soviet organisations.

* acciones = equities, stock, equity shares.

* acciones ordinarias = common stock.

* cartera de acciones = portfolio.

* compra de acciones = shareholding.

* cotización de las acciones = share price.

* opción de compra de acciones = stock option.

* precio de las acciones = share price.

* sacar acciones al mercado = go + public.

* * *

acción

feminine

A (acto, hecho) act

hacer una buena acción to do a good deed

una acción audaz a bold act

acciones dignas de elogio praiseworthy acts o actions

Compuesto:

acción de gracias

thanksgiving

B (actividad) action

pusieron el plan en acción they put the plan into action

pasaron a la acción they took action

mecanismo de acción retardada delayed action mechanism

un hombre de acción a man of action

novela de acción adventure story

¡luces, cámara, acción! lights, camera, action!

C ( Mil) action

entrar en acción to go into action

las acciones del ejército contra los insurgentes the action taken by the army against the rebels, the raids o attacks by the army on the rebels

acción defensiva/ofensiva defensive/offensive action

no se descarta una acción militar contra ellos military action against them has not been ruled out

muerto en acción killed in action

Compuesto:

acción de armas or de guerra

military action

D (influencia, efecto) action

está bajo la acción de un sedante she is under sedation

la acción erosiva del agua the erosive action of water

E ( Cin, Lit) (trama) action, plot

la acción se desarrolla or transcurre en Egipto the action o the story o the plot takes place in Egypt

F ( Der) action, lawsuit

Compuesto:

acción judicial

legal action, lawsuit

G ( Fin) share

acciones en alza rising stocks o shares

tiene el 51% de las acciones she holds 51% of the shares o stock

emitir acciones to issue shares o stock

Compuestos:

● acción con derecho a voto

voting share

● acciones con cotización oficial

fpl listed o quoted stock, listed o quoted shares o stocks (pl)

● acciones en circulación

fpl issued stock, issued shares (pl)

● acciones liberadas

fpl bonus stock, bonus shares (pl)

● acciones nominales or nominativas

fpl registered stock, registered shares (pl)

● acciones ordinarias

fpl ordinary stock, ordinary shares (pl)

● acciones preferentes or de preferencia

fpl preference stock, preference shares (pl)

● acciones prioritarias

priority stock, priority shares (pl)

● acciones sin cotización oficial

fpl unlisted o unquoted stock, unlisted o unquoted shares o stocks (pl)

H ( Per) (de una rifa) ticket

* * *

acción sustantivo femenino
1 (acto, hecho) act;
◊ acciones dignas de elogio praiseworthy acts o actions;

hacer una buena acción to do a good deed;
acción de gracias thanksgiving
2
a) ( actividad) action;

◊ poner algo en acción to put sth into action;

novela de acción adventure story;
una película llena de acción an action-packed movie o (BrE) film
b) (Mil) action

c) (Cin, Lit) ( trama) action, plot

3
a) (Der) action, lawsuit

b) (Fin) share;

◊ acciones shares, stock

4 (Per) ( de una rifa) ticket
acción sustantivo femenino
1 action
(acto) act
acción de gracias, thanksgiving
hombre de acción, man of action
película de acción, adventure film
2 Fin share
' acción' also found in these entries:
Spanish:
acuartelamiento
- alquiler
- ampliar
- andar
- arrendamiento
- asesinar
- asesoramiento
- burrada
- campo
- carga
- cierre
- clasificación
- coger
- comenzar
- compinche
- compra
- conducción
- construcción
- continuamente
- dar
- desagüe
- ejercer
- embarcación
- enfoque
- enjuague
- entablar
- envío
- estacionamiento
- estímulo
- estrechamiento
- expandir
- falsificación
- gesto
- hacer
- hasta
- hecha
- hecho
- hilada
- hilado
- impertinencia
- importación
- inocente
- lectura
- limpieza
- localización
- machada
- mezcla
- niñería
- objeto
- obra
English:
about
- acceptance
- accumulation
- accustom
- achievement
- act
- action
- action-packed
- adjourn
- apparition
- appearance
- assignment
- attachment
- begin
- bite
- blameless
- call
- cause
- cold-hearted
- concoct
- corrupt
- cranberry
- crime
- crooked
- cut
- data processing
- decision
- dedication
- delusion
- doing
- duplicate
- elevation
- favor
- favour
- feel
- foolish
- formidable
- fraud
- free rein
- honourable
- imitation
- immodest
- import
- impossible
- inept
- insane
- institute
- institution
- interest
- jaywalking

* * *

acción

♦ nf

1. [efecto de hacer] action;

en acción in action, in operation;

entrar o [m5] ponerse en acción [persona] to go into action;

pasar a la acción to take action;

puso la maquinaria en acción she switched on the machinery;

películas de acción action movies o Br films;

un hombre de acción a man of action

Comp
Pol acción directa direct action
2. [hecho] deed, act;

una buena acción a good deed

Comp
Rel acción de gracias thanksgiving
3. [influencia] effect, action;

la acción de la luz sobre los organismos marinos the effect of sunlight on marine organisms;

rocas erosionadas por la acción del viento rocks eroded by the wind

Comp
acción detergente detergent effect;
acción y reacción action and reaction

4. [combate] action

5. [de relato, película] action;

la acción tiene lugar en Venezuela the action takes place in Venezuela

6. Fin share;

acciones esp Br shares, esp US stock

Comp
acciones en cartera Br shares o US stock in portfolio;
acciones liberadas paid-up Br shares o US stock;

acciones ordinarias Br ordinary shares, US common stock;

acción de oro golden share;

acción al portador bearer share;

acciones preferentes Br preference shares, US preferred stock;

acciones de renta fija Br fixed-interest shares, US fixed-income stock

7. Der acción civil civil action;

acción legal lawsuit;

iniciar acciones legales contra alguien to take legal action against sb;

acción popular action brought by the People

♦ interj

action!;

¡luces!, ¡cámaras!, ¡acción! lights!, camera!, action!

* * *

acción

f

1 action;

entrar en acción come into action;

poner en acción put into action

2 COM share;

acciones pl stock sg, Br shares

* * *

acción nf, pl acciones

1) : action

2) acto: act, deed

3) : share, stock

* * *

acción n

1. (actividad) action

una película de acción an action film

2. (acto) act / deed

una buena acción a good deed

3. (efecto) effect

la acción de la droga the effect of the drug

4. (parte de capital) share

mi padre compró acciones de su empresa my father bought some shares in his company

Spanish-English dictionary > acción

16 DA

1) Авиация: drift angle

2) Разговорное выражение: The

3) Американизм: Dead Agent, Department of the Army, Disability Assistance

4) Спорт: Distance Accuracy

5) Военный термин: Dad's Army, Dads Army, Data Adapter, Defence Act, Defence Adviser, Department Approval, Detroit arsenal, Director of Armaments, Director of Artillery, Directors Assistant, Double Agent, damaged, data acquisition, data analysis, define area, delayed arming, delayed-action, deputy adjutant, developing agency, direct access, direct-action, director of administration, disassembly, discharge afloat, dislocation allowance, distribution authority, division artillery, do not answer, double action, dummy antenna, Ди-Эй (дифенилхлорарсин), Long-Range Aviation (USSR), diphenylchlorarsine

6) Техника: data automation, database administrator, decimal-to-analog conversion, demand assignment, depth average, dielectric anisotropy, difference amplifier, differential amplifier, digital-to-analog converter, diode array, dipole antenna, directional array, distribution amplifier, donor-acceptor, dose assessment, dummy load, dynamic allocation, telephone does not answer

7) Метеорология: Density Altitude, Dry Air

8) Железнодорожный термин: Canadian Pacific Railway

9) Юридический термин: Devil's Advocate, days after acceptance, deed of arrangement, district attorney

10) Бухгалтерия: Duration Of Asset

11) Биржевой термин: depreciation and amortization

12) Грубое выражение: Duck's Arse, Duck's Ass, Dumb Arse, Dumb Ass

13) Политика: Denmark

14) Телекоммуникации: Destination Address (LAN), Device Address (SNA)

15) Сокращение: Dalnyaya Aviatsiya (Russian Long-Range Aviation Command), Data Administrator, Decision Analysis, Defence Attache, Denmark (NATO country code), Department of Agriculture, Department of the Army (US Army), Design Automation, Destination MAC Address, Development Authorisation, Diphenylchloroarsine (Chemical warfare vomiting agent), Diploma in Aesthetics, Diploma in Anesthetics, Direct Action, Direct Analog (e.g., synthesis), Distributing Authority, Doctor of Arts, Double-Action, delta amplitude, Directory Assistance (/C = computerized, /M = Microfilm), Don't Answer (may be more general), допамин, Desk Accessory, Digital-to-Analog, discretionary account

16) Физиология: Degenerative arthritis

17) Электроника: Dielectric Absorption, Distributed Amplifier

18) Вычислительная техника: decimal addition, destination address, display adapter, имеющиеся данные, Directory Assistance (/C = computerized, /M = Microfilm, Telephony), Data Area (CD-MRW, SA), Digital-to-Analog (D/A), Destination (MAC) Address (SNA, Token Ring, ATM, FDDI), Don't Answer (Telephony, may be more general), доступные данные

19) Нефть: daily allowable, direct-acting, double-acting, разрешённая норма суточной добычи (daily allowable), суточная квота (daily allowance), средняя глубина (depth average)

20) Биохимия: Dopamine

21) Банковское дело: депозитный счёт (deposit account), срочный вклад (deposit account), документы против акцепта (documents against acceptance)

22) Транспорт: Decision Altitude / Decision Height, Descent Advisor

23) СМИ: Digital Audio, Discerning Audience

24) Деловая лексика: Distribution Area, окружной прокурор (США, district attorney)

25) Бурение: двойного действия (double-acting), прямого действия (direct-acting)

26) Американский английский: причёска а-ля Элвис Пресли

27) Инвестиции: deposit account, documents against acceptance

28) Сетевые технологии: data available, disk array, адрес получателя

29) Полимеры: dispersing agent, documents attached, drawn-and-annealed

30) Программирование: Delete Attribute

31) Химическое оружие: Defense Acquisition, Directed Action

32) Расширение файла: Discrete Address

33) Нефть и газ: derivative time calculation value

34) Электротехника: delay amplifier, double amplitude

35) Имена и фамилии: Don Albert

36) Общественная организация: Disabled and Alone

37) Должность: Dining Assistant, Disciplines Associated

38) Чат: Don't Ask

39) Программное обеспечение: Decision Assistant, Desktop Assistant, Dos Apps

40) Единицы измерений: Days Ago

Универсальный англо-русский словарь > DA

17 Da

1) Авиация: drift angle

2) Разговорное выражение: The

3) Американизм: Dead Agent, Department of the Army, Disability Assistance

4) Спорт: Distance Accuracy

5) Военный термин: Dad's Army, Dads Army, Data Adapter, Defence Act, Defence Adviser, Department Approval, Detroit arsenal, Director of Armaments, Director of Artillery, Directors Assistant, Double Agent, damaged, data acquisition, data analysis, define area, delayed arming, delayed-action, deputy adjutant, developing agency, direct access, direct-action, director of administration, disassembly, discharge afloat, dislocation allowance, distribution authority, division artillery, do not answer, double action, dummy antenna, Ди-Эй (дифенилхлорарсин), Long-Range Aviation (USSR), diphenylchlorarsine

6) Техника: data automation, database administrator, decimal-to-analog conversion, demand assignment, depth average, dielectric anisotropy, difference amplifier, differential amplifier, digital-to-analog converter, diode array, dipole antenna, directional array, distribution amplifier, donor-acceptor, dose assessment, dummy load, dynamic allocation, telephone does not answer

7) Метеорология: Density Altitude, Dry Air

8) Железнодорожный термин: Canadian Pacific Railway

9) Юридический термин: Devil's Advocate, days after acceptance, deed of arrangement, district attorney

10) Бухгалтерия: Duration Of Asset

11) Биржевой термин: depreciation and amortization

12) Грубое выражение: Duck's Arse, Duck's Ass, Dumb Arse, Dumb Ass

13) Политика: Denmark

14) Телекоммуникации: Destination Address (LAN), Device Address (SNA)

15) Сокращение: Dalnyaya Aviatsiya (Russian Long-Range Aviation Command), Data Administrator, Decision Analysis, Defence Attache, Denmark (NATO country code), Department of Agriculture, Department of the Army (US Army), Design Automation, Destination MAC Address, Development Authorisation, Diphenylchloroarsine (Chemical warfare vomiting agent), Diploma in Aesthetics, Diploma in Anesthetics, Direct Action, Direct Analog (e.g., synthesis), Distributing Authority, Doctor of Arts, Double-Action, delta amplitude, Directory Assistance (/C = computerized, /M = Microfilm), Don't Answer (may be more general), допамин, Desk Accessory, Digital-to-Analog, discretionary account

16) Физиология: Degenerative arthritis

17) Электроника: Dielectric Absorption, Distributed Amplifier

18) Вычислительная техника: decimal addition, destination address, display adapter, имеющиеся данные, Directory Assistance (/C = computerized, /M = Microfilm, Telephony), Data Area (CD-MRW, SA), Digital-to-Analog (D/A), Destination (MAC) Address (SNA, Token Ring, ATM, FDDI), Don't Answer (Telephony, may be more general), доступные данные

19) Нефть: daily allowable, direct-acting, double-acting, разрешённая норма суточной добычи (daily allowable), суточная квота (daily allowance), средняя глубина (depth average)

20) Биохимия: Dopamine

21) Банковское дело: депозитный счёт (deposit account), срочный вклад (deposit account), документы против акцепта (documents against acceptance)

22) Транспорт: Decision Altitude / Decision Height, Descent Advisor

23) СМИ: Digital Audio, Discerning Audience

24) Деловая лексика: Distribution Area, окружной прокурор (США, district attorney)

25) Бурение: двойного действия (double-acting), прямого действия (direct-acting)

26) Американский английский: причёска а-ля Элвис Пресли

27) Инвестиции: deposit account, documents against acceptance

28) Сетевые технологии: data available, disk array, адрес получателя

29) Полимеры: dispersing agent, documents attached, drawn-and-annealed

30) Программирование: Delete Attribute

31) Химическое оружие: Defense Acquisition, Directed Action

32) Расширение файла: Discrete Address

33) Нефть и газ: derivative time calculation value

34) Электротехника: delay amplifier, double amplitude

35) Имена и фамилии: Don Albert

36) Общественная организация: Disabled and Alone

37) Должность: Dining Assistant, Disciplines Associated

38) Чат: Don't Ask

39) Программное обеспечение: Decision Assistant, Desktop Assistant, Dos Apps

40) Единицы измерений: Days Ago

Универсальный англо-русский словарь > Da

18 SA

1) Общая лексика: социальная ответственность (стандарт SA 8000 'Social Accountability')

2) Компьютерная техника: Scalable Architecture, Set Attribute, Shutdown Acknowledged

3) Геология: Спектральный анализ ( Spectral analysis)

4) Медицина: sacrum anterior, serum albumin (концентрация альбумина в сыворотке крови)

5) Американизм: Set Aside, Special Application, Support Administration

6) Спорт: Sets Against

7) Военный термин: Logistics Staff Officer, Secretary of the Army, Security Administrator, Seventh Army, Situation Analysis, Situation Awareness, Situational Awareness (4) Signals Analysis, South Australian, Space Applications, Special Act, Springfield armory, Stand Alone, Surprise Attack, Systems Administrator, Systems Architecture, safety analysis, scientific adviser, security assistance, selected ammunition, semiactive, senior adviser, service action, service adviser, service arm, servo assembly, ship-to-aircraft, shipping authority, signal analysis, signal analyzer, signature analysis, simple alert, single-action, site activation, slow-acting, small arms, snap-action, special actions, special agent, special area, special assignment, special assistant, specific activity, spectrum analysis, staging area, standby altimeter, storage area, subassembly, subject to approval, subsistence allowance, substitution authorization, supervisory authority, supplemental agreement, supply agency, supply area, support agency, supporting arms, surface area, surface attack, surface-to-air, system approach, systems analysis, used to identify FSU Surface-to-Air Missiles, e.g., SA-7/GRAIL

8) Техника: Securities Art, acoustic sweep, safety & assessment department, satellite astronomy, separate amplifiers, service air, servoamplifier, signal attenuation, slow-acting relay, spaceborne astronomy, spacecraft adapter, supplement agreement, supporting agency, switching device

9) Сельское хозяйство: Sustainable Agriculture

10) Химия: Silver Azide

11) Математика: анализ систем (systems analysis), самосопряжённый (self-adjoint), сигнатурный анализ (signature analysis), системный подход (systems approach)

12) Религия: Supreme Allah

13) Железнодорожный термин: Norfolk Southern Railway Company

14) Юридический термин: Side Arm

15) Экономика: societe anonima

16) Грубое выражение: Sex Angle, Sexy Adventures, Sore Arse

17) Металлургия: Submerged Arc

18) Телекоммуникации: Source Address, Subarea

19) Сокращение: Arsine (Chemical warfare blood agent), Salvation Army, Sanskrit, Saturday, Saudi Arabia (NATO country code), Scientific Adviser (UK), Seaman Apprentice, Securities Act, Selective Availability (GPS), Selective Availability, Service Assistant, Situational Awareness, Sociedad Anonima (Spain, Venezuela), Sociedada Anonima (Portugal), Sociedade Anonima (Brazil), Societe Anonyme (Belgium, France, Greece, Switzerland), South Africa, South African, South America, South Australia, Swept Audio, sail area, sex appeal, shaft alley, spectrum analyzer, stress anneal, sinoatrial, Sexaholics Anonymous (a fellowship of men and women who share their experience, strength, and hope with each other that they may solve their common problem and help others to stop lusting and become sexually sober), Anonyme (French company designation), Bureau of South Asian Affairs (US Department of State), Franciscan Friars of the Atonement (religious order), Sachsen, Safety and Arming, Sahitya Akademi (National Academy of Letters; India), Salary Adjustment, Sale Agreement, Salerno, Campania (Italian province), Sales Associate (real estate), Salta (Argentina province), Sample Analysis, Samtö, Samus Aran (Metroid character), San Andreas (video game), San Antonio, Sandia Apparatus, Sanofi Aventis (pharmaceutical company), Santa Ana (California), Sarajevo (auto registration for Sarajevo, Bosnia), Saskatchewan, Saturable Absorber, Saudi Arabia, Save (assembly language ASM51 assembler control), Say, Say Again (logging abbreviation), Scientific Advisor, Scientific American, Scientific-Atlanta (US satellite communications company), Scout Association, Scouting Association (UK), Scrambled Americans (video production company), Search and Attack, Seasonally Adjusted, Secret Admirer, Section Adaptation, Security Administration, Security Architecture, Security Association (IPSec), Security Authority, Security Awareness, See Also, Seismic Acoustics, Selection Authority, Self Aligned, Self Assessment, Senior Advisor, Sensor Assembly, Server Administrator, Service Advisor, Service Agent, Service Application, Service Appointment, Service Area, Service Assurance, Service Availability, Service-Affecting, Services Administrator (IRC operator), Services and Agencies, Setup Acknowledge (ITU-T), Sewickley Academy (Pennsylvania), Sexaholics Anonymous, Inc., Sexual Assault, Sexually Active, Shadow Alliance (gaming clan), Shared Area, Sheezyart (website), Shipping Authorization, Shipwright Apprentice, Short Abstract (abstracting & indexing), Short Acronym, Show Assistant, Shredder Afval (Dutch: shredder garbage), SicherheitsAbteilung (German: Safety Department), Side Angle (geometry), Significant Accomplishments, Simulated Annealing, Simulation and Analysis, Sine Anno (Latin: Without Date), Singapore Artillery, Single Access, Single Action (revolver), Single Adult, Single Aisle (aircraft), Single Award, Sinus Arrhythmia, Sir Aaron (Pokemon), Situation Assessment, Situation(al) Awareness, Situational Analysis, Sleep Apnea, Slowly Adapting Fiber (In Skin), Smart Alec, Smart Ass, Smoothing Algorithm, Sneak Attack (gaming), Sniper Assist (gaming, Starcraft), Socié, Social Accountability, Social Actions, Social Anxiety, Socialist Appeal, Sociedad Anó, Sociedade Anó, Society of the Atonement, Software Architecture, Solar Array, Solutions Architect, Something Awful (humor webpage), Something's Awful (website), Son Altesse (French: His/Her Highness), Sonata Arctica (band), Sonic Advance (video game), Sonic Adventure (game), Sound Attenuation, Source Address (IEEE 802.3), Source-Active (Cisco), Sourcing Analyst, South African Airways (IATA airline code), South Asia, Space Academy, Space Ace (video game), Space Available (airline travel), Spaced Antenna, Spare Allocation, Special Access, Special Action, Specialist Association (stock market exchanges), Spectral Acceleration (seismology), Spherical Array, Spinal Anesthesia, Spiral Acquisition, Spirited Away (Japanese anime movie), Splenic Artery, Spooksoliy Ara^nkas, Spring Awakening (musical), Springfield (Massachusetts) Armory (closed), Stabsarzt (German military), Stachowski Alpacas, Staging Activity, Standardised Approach, Standards Australia, Standby Air, State Annex (department of state building), Station Actual, Status Asthmaticus, Stealth Assassin (gaming), Stent Area, Stochastic Approximation, Storage Allocator, Stores Accountant, Storm Afdeling, Strategic Attack, Stroke Association, Structured Analysis (software engineering), Student Ambassadors, Student Assistant, Student Association, Studies and Analysis, Stuffed Animal, Stupid Ass, Stьrmabteilung (German: stormtroopers; paramilitary organization of Nazi Party), Sua Altezza (Italian: Her/His Majesty), Sub-Address (ISDN), Subscriber Access, Substance Abuse, Subsystem(s) Analysis, Suffield Academy (Suffield, Connecticut), Sugar Association, Sum Assured, Summa (Latin: sum), Sunshine Act, Suomen Armeija (Army of Finland), SuperAmerica, Superachromat (tele-photo lenses made by Carl Zeiss), Supervising Authority, Supplemental Appropriation, Supplemental Assembly, Supply Air (HVAC), Support Acquisition, Supportability Analysis, Supras Auteuil, Surveillance Area, Sustainable America, Swansea (postal code for Swansea, Wales), Swiss Army, Switch Arbiter, Syllabic Abbreviation, Symbolic Analysis, System Abort, System Administration, System Administrator, System Analysis, System Architecture, System Assessment, fsins (Iceland), k Atvinnulí, nima (Spanish company designation), short answer, té, Shareholders Agreement

20) Университет: Sophomore Advisor, Special Activities, Strongly Agree, Student Administration, Study Abroad, Summer Absenteeism

21) Физиология: Short Acting

22) Электроника: Sampling Actuation, Socket A, Structured Audio

23) Вычислительная техника: Storage Array, Systems Analyst, sense amplifier, smart applet, Spare Area (CD-MRW, DA), Software Assurance (MS), Source (MAC) Address (SNA, Token Ring, ATM, FDDI)

24) Нефть: south addition

25) Генетика: streptavidin, стрептавидин

26) Офтальмология: (Spherical Aberration) Сферическая аберрация

27) Банковское дело: Закон о ценных бумагах (США, 1933 г.; Securities Act)

28) Транспорт: Shipyard Agreement, Slow Away

29) Пищевая промышленность: Special Ale

30) Фирменный знак: Samso

31) Экология: sludge age

32) Деловая лексика: Services Administration

33) Образование: State Agency, Student Apathy

34) Сетевые технологии: Security Association, Server Address, администратор системы, адрес отправителя

35) ЕБРР: С учётом сезонных изменений (Seasonally adjusted), special account

36) Полимеры: sectional area, self-acting, semiautomatic, sieve analysis

37) Программирование: Set Access, Shift Amount, Starting Address

38) Автоматика: start of action

39) Сахалин Р: Sakhalin Administration

40) Океанография: Simple- Adjoint, Supplied Air

41) Химическое оружие: Safety assessment, summary account

42) Макаров: standard atmosphere

43) Безопасность: Security Advisory

44) Электротехника: security analysis, stability area

45) Имена и фамилии: Stanley Arthur

46) Майкрософт: сопоставление безопасности

47) Общественная организация: Scholarship America

48) Должность: Shopping Assistant

49) Чат: Sibling Alert

50) Правительство: Santa Ana, California

51) НАСА: Software Assurance, Solar Atmosphere

52) Программное обеспечение: Scripting Additions, Search Algorithm, Special Applications, Sql Administrator

53) Федеральное бюро расследований: San Antonio Field Office

54) AMEX. Stage II Apparel Corporation

Универсальный англо-русский словарь > SA

19 Sa

1) Общая лексика: социальная ответственность (стандарт SA 8000 'Social Accountability')

2) Компьютерная техника: Scalable Architecture, Set Attribute, Shutdown Acknowledged

3) Геология: Спектральный анализ ( Spectral analysis)

4) Медицина: sacrum anterior, serum albumin (концентрация альбумина в сыворотке крови)

5) Американизм: Set Aside, Special Application, Support Administration

6) Спорт: Sets Against

7) Военный термин: Logistics Staff Officer, Secretary of the Army, Security Administrator, Seventh Army, Situation Analysis, Situation Awareness, Situational Awareness (4) Signals Analysis, South Australian, Space Applications, Special Act, Springfield armory, Stand Alone, Surprise Attack, Systems Administrator, Systems Architecture, safety analysis, scientific adviser, security assistance, selected ammunition, semiactive, senior adviser, service action, service adviser, service arm, servo assembly, ship-to-aircraft, shipping authority, signal analysis, signal analyzer, signature analysis, simple alert, single-action, site activation, slow-acting, small arms, snap-action, special actions, special agent, special area, special assignment, special assistant, specific activity, spectrum analysis, staging area, standby altimeter, storage area, subassembly, subject to approval, subsistence allowance, substitution authorization, supervisory authority, supplemental agreement, supply agency, supply area, support agency, supporting arms, surface area, surface attack, surface-to-air, system approach, systems analysis, used to identify FSU Surface-to-Air Missiles, e.g., SA-7/GRAIL

8) Техника: Securities Art, acoustic sweep, safety & assessment department, satellite astronomy, separate amplifiers, service air, servoamplifier, signal attenuation, slow-acting relay, spaceborne astronomy, spacecraft adapter, supplement agreement, supporting agency, switching device

9) Сельское хозяйство: Sustainable Agriculture

10) Химия: Silver Azide

11) Математика: анализ систем (systems analysis), самосопряжённый (self-adjoint), сигнатурный анализ (signature analysis), системный подход (systems approach)

12) Религия: Supreme Allah

13) Железнодорожный термин: Norfolk Southern Railway Company

14) Юридический термин: Side Arm

15) Экономика: societe anonima

16) Грубое выражение: Sex Angle, Sexy Adventures, Sore Arse

17) Металлургия: Submerged Arc

18) Телекоммуникации: Source Address, Subarea

19) Сокращение: Arsine (Chemical warfare blood agent), Salvation Army, Sanskrit, Saturday, Saudi Arabia (NATO country code), Scientific Adviser (UK), Seaman Apprentice, Securities Act, Selective Availability (GPS), Selective Availability, Service Assistant, Situational Awareness, Sociedad Anonima (Spain, Venezuela), Sociedada Anonima (Portugal), Sociedade Anonima (Brazil), Societe Anonyme (Belgium, France, Greece, Switzerland), South Africa, South African, South America, South Australia, Swept Audio, sail area, sex appeal, shaft alley, spectrum analyzer, stress anneal, sinoatrial, Sexaholics Anonymous (a fellowship of men and women who share their experience, strength, and hope with each other that they may solve their common problem and help others to stop lusting and become sexually sober), Anonyme (French company designation), Bureau of South Asian Affairs (US Department of State), Franciscan Friars of the Atonement (religious order), Sachsen, Safety and Arming, Sahitya Akademi (National Academy of Letters; India), Salary Adjustment, Sale Agreement, Salerno, Campania (Italian province), Sales Associate (real estate), Salta (Argentina province), Sample Analysis, Samtö, Samus Aran (Metroid character), San Andreas (video game), San Antonio, Sandia Apparatus, Sanofi Aventis (pharmaceutical company), Santa Ana (California), Sarajevo (auto registration for Sarajevo, Bosnia), Saskatchewan, Saturable Absorber, Saudi Arabia, Save (assembly language ASM51 assembler control), Say, Say Again (logging abbreviation), Scientific Advisor, Scientific American, Scientific-Atlanta (US satellite communications company), Scout Association, Scouting Association (UK), Scrambled Americans (video production company), Search and Attack, Seasonally Adjusted, Secret Admirer, Section Adaptation, Security Administration, Security Architecture, Security Association (IPSec), Security Authority, Security Awareness, See Also, Seismic Acoustics, Selection Authority, Self Aligned, Self Assessment, Senior Advisor, Sensor Assembly, Server Administrator, Service Advisor, Service Agent, Service Application, Service Appointment, Service Area, Service Assurance, Service Availability, Service-Affecting, Services Administrator (IRC operator), Services and Agencies, Setup Acknowledge (ITU-T), Sewickley Academy (Pennsylvania), Sexaholics Anonymous, Inc., Sexual Assault, Sexually Active, Shadow Alliance (gaming clan), Shared Area, Sheezyart (website), Shipping Authorization, Shipwright Apprentice, Short Abstract (abstracting & indexing), Short Acronym, Show Assistant, Shredder Afval (Dutch: shredder garbage), SicherheitsAbteilung (German: Safety Department), Side Angle (geometry), Significant Accomplishments, Simulated Annealing, Simulation and Analysis, Sine Anno (Latin: Without Date), Singapore Artillery, Single Access, Single Action (revolver), Single Adult, Single Aisle (aircraft), Single Award, Sinus Arrhythmia, Sir Aaron (Pokemon), Situation Assessment, Situation(al) Awareness, Situational Analysis, Sleep Apnea, Slowly Adapting Fiber (In Skin), Smart Alec, Smart Ass, Smoothing Algorithm, Sneak Attack (gaming), Sniper Assist (gaming, Starcraft), Socié, Social Accountability, Social Actions, Social Anxiety, Socialist Appeal, Sociedad Anó, Sociedade Anó, Society of the Atonement, Software Architecture, Solar Array, Solutions Architect, Something Awful (humor webpage), Something's Awful (website), Son Altesse (French: His/Her Highness), Sonata Arctica (band), Sonic Advance (video game), Sonic Adventure (game), Sound Attenuation, Source Address (IEEE 802.3), Source-Active (Cisco), Sourcing Analyst, South African Airways (IATA airline code), South Asia, Space Academy, Space Ace (video game), Space Available (airline travel), Spaced Antenna, Spare Allocation, Special Access, Special Action, Specialist Association (stock market exchanges), Spectral Acceleration (seismology), Spherical Array, Spinal Anesthesia, Spiral Acquisition, Spirited Away (Japanese anime movie), Splenic Artery, Spooksoliy Ara^nkas, Spring Awakening (musical), Springfield (Massachusetts) Armory (closed), Stabsarzt (German military), Stachowski Alpacas, Staging Activity, Standardised Approach, Standards Australia, Standby Air, State Annex (department of state building), Station Actual, Status Asthmaticus, Stealth Assassin (gaming), Stent Area, Stochastic Approximation, Storage Allocator, Stores Accountant, Storm Afdeling, Strategic Attack, Stroke Association, Structured Analysis (software engineering), Student Ambassadors, Student Assistant, Student Association, Studies and Analysis, Stuffed Animal, Stupid Ass, Stьrmabteilung (German: stormtroopers; paramilitary organization of Nazi Party), Sua Altezza (Italian: Her/His Majesty), Sub-Address (ISDN), Subscriber Access, Substance Abuse, Subsystem(s) Analysis, Suffield Academy (Suffield, Connecticut), Sugar Association, Sum Assured, Summa (Latin: sum), Sunshine Act, Suomen Armeija (Army of Finland), SuperAmerica, Superachromat (tele-photo lenses made by Carl Zeiss), Supervising Authority, Supplemental Appropriation, Supplemental Assembly, Supply Air (HVAC), Support Acquisition, Supportability Analysis, Supras Auteuil, Surveillance Area, Sustainable America, Swansea (postal code for Swansea, Wales), Swiss Army, Switch Arbiter, Syllabic Abbreviation, Symbolic Analysis, System Abort, System Administration, System Administrator, System Analysis, System Architecture, System Assessment, fsins (Iceland), k Atvinnulí, nima (Spanish company designation), short answer, té, Shareholders Agreement

20) Университет: Sophomore Advisor, Special Activities, Strongly Agree, Student Administration, Study Abroad, Summer Absenteeism

21) Физиология: Short Acting

22) Электроника: Sampling Actuation, Socket A, Structured Audio

23) Вычислительная техника: Storage Array, Systems Analyst, sense amplifier, smart applet, Spare Area (CD-MRW, DA), Software Assurance (MS), Source (MAC) Address (SNA, Token Ring, ATM, FDDI)

24) Нефть: south addition

25) Генетика: streptavidin, стрептавидин

26) Офтальмология: (Spherical Aberration) Сферическая аберрация

27) Банковское дело: Закон о ценных бумагах (США, 1933 г.; Securities Act)

28) Транспорт: Shipyard Agreement, Slow Away

29) Пищевая промышленность: Special Ale

30) Фирменный знак: Samso

31) Экология: sludge age

32) Деловая лексика: Services Administration

33) Образование: State Agency, Student Apathy

34) Сетевые технологии: Security Association, Server Address, администратор системы, адрес отправителя

35) ЕБРР: С учётом сезонных изменений (Seasonally adjusted), special account

36) Полимеры: sectional area, self-acting, semiautomatic, sieve analysis

37) Программирование: Set Access, Shift Amount, Starting Address

38) Автоматика: start of action

39) Сахалин Р: Sakhalin Administration

40) Океанография: Simple- Adjoint, Supplied Air

41) Химическое оружие: Safety assessment, summary account

42) Макаров: standard atmosphere

43) Безопасность: Security Advisory

44) Электротехника: security analysis, stability area

45) Имена и фамилии: Stanley Arthur

46) Майкрософт: сопоставление безопасности

47) Общественная организация: Scholarship America

48) Должность: Shopping Assistant

49) Чат: Sibling Alert

50) Правительство: Santa Ana, California

51) НАСА: Software Assurance, Solar Atmosphere

52) Программное обеспечение: Scripting Additions, Search Algorithm, Special Applications, Sql Administrator

53) Федеральное бюро расследований: San Antonio Field Office

54) AMEX. Stage II Apparel Corporation

Универсальный англо-русский словарь > Sa

20 da

1) Авиация: drift angle

2) Разговорное выражение: The

3) Американизм: Dead Agent, Department of the Army, Disability Assistance

4) Спорт: Distance Accuracy

5) Военный термин: Dad's Army, Dads Army, Data Adapter, Defence Act, Defence Adviser, Department Approval, Detroit arsenal, Director of Armaments, Director of Artillery, Directors Assistant, Double Agent, damaged, data acquisition, data analysis, define area, delayed arming, delayed-action, deputy adjutant, developing agency, direct access, direct-action, director of administration, disassembly, discharge afloat, dislocation allowance, distribution authority, division artillery, do not answer, double action, dummy antenna, Ди-Эй (дифенилхлорарсин), Long-Range Aviation (USSR), diphenylchlorarsine

6) Техника: data automation, database administrator, decimal-to-analog conversion, demand assignment, depth average, dielectric anisotropy, difference amplifier, differential amplifier, digital-to-analog converter, diode array, dipole antenna, directional array, distribution amplifier, donor-acceptor, dose assessment, dummy load, dynamic allocation, telephone does not answer

7) Метеорология: Density Altitude, Dry Air

8) Железнодорожный термин: Canadian Pacific Railway

9) Юридический термин: Devil's Advocate, days after acceptance, deed of arrangement, district attorney

10) Бухгалтерия: Duration Of Asset

11) Биржевой термин: depreciation and amortization

12) Грубое выражение: Duck's Arse, Duck's Ass, Dumb Arse, Dumb Ass

13) Политика: Denmark

14) Телекоммуникации: Destination Address (LAN), Device Address (SNA)

15) Сокращение: Dalnyaya Aviatsiya (Russian Long-Range Aviation Command), Data Administrator, Decision Analysis, Defence Attache, Denmark (NATO country code), Department of Agriculture, Department of the Army (US Army), Design Automation, Destination MAC Address, Development Authorisation, Diphenylchloroarsine (Chemical warfare vomiting agent), Diploma in Aesthetics, Diploma in Anesthetics, Direct Action, Direct Analog (e.g., synthesis), Distributing Authority, Doctor of Arts, Double-Action, delta amplitude, Directory Assistance (/C = computerized, /M = Microfilm), Don't Answer (may be more general), допамин, Desk Accessory, Digital-to-Analog, discretionary account

16) Физиология: Degenerative arthritis

17) Электроника: Dielectric Absorption, Distributed Amplifier

18) Вычислительная техника: decimal addition, destination address, display adapter, имеющиеся данные, Directory Assistance (/C = computerized, /M = Microfilm, Telephony), Data Area (CD-MRW, SA), Digital-to-Analog (D/A), Destination (MAC) Address (SNA, Token Ring, ATM, FDDI), Don't Answer (Telephony, may be more general), доступные данные

19) Нефть: daily allowable, direct-acting, double-acting, разрешённая норма суточной добычи (daily allowable), суточная квота (daily allowance), средняя глубина (depth average)

20) Биохимия: Dopamine

21) Банковское дело: депозитный счёт (deposit account), срочный вклад (deposit account), документы против акцепта (documents against acceptance)

22) Транспорт: Decision Altitude / Decision Height, Descent Advisor

23) СМИ: Digital Audio, Discerning Audience

24) Деловая лексика: Distribution Area, окружной прокурор (США, district attorney)

25) Бурение: двойного действия (double-acting), прямого действия (direct-acting)

26) Американский английский: причёска а-ля Элвис Пресли

27) Инвестиции: deposit account, documents against acceptance

28) Сетевые технологии: data available, disk array, адрес получателя

29) Полимеры: dispersing agent, documents attached, drawn-and-annealed

30) Программирование: Delete Attribute

31) Химическое оружие: Defense Acquisition, Directed Action

32) Расширение файла: Discrete Address

33) Нефть и газ: derivative time calculation value

34) Электротехника: delay amplifier, double amplitude

35) Имена и фамилии: Don Albert

36) Общественная организация: Disabled and Alone

37) Должность: Dining Assistant, Disciplines Associated

38) Чат: Don't Ask

39) Программное обеспечение: Decision Assistant, Desktop Assistant, Dos Apps

40) Единицы измерений: Days Ago

Универсальный англо-русский словарь > da

Страницы

Следующая →

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

См. также в других словарях:

The Army Goes Rolling Along — is the official song of the United States Army [http://www.apd.army.mil/pdffiles/r220 90.pdf Army Regulation 220 90,] Army Bands , 27 November 2000, para 2 5f, g] and is typically called The Army Song. The Caisson SongThe song is based on the… … Wikipedia

The Army Rumour Service — Infobox Website name = ARRSE url = http://www.arrse.co.uk commercial = Yes type = Community registration = Free owner = The COs author = The COs The Army Rumour Service (ARRSE) is an unofficial British Army website and forum. Known colloquially… … Wikipedia

Ernest in the Army — Infobox Film name=Ernest in the Army caption= director=John R. Cherry III writer= John R. Cherry III (story) Joseph Dattorre (screenplay) Jeffrey Pillars (screenplay) starring= Jim Varney Hayley Tyson producer= Kenneth M. Badish John R. Cherry… … Wikipedia

Australians Missing in Action in the Vietnam War — There were 6 Australian servicemen listed as missing in action in the Vietnam War, from a total of 2,338 people that were listed as missing in action in the Vietnam War. There were four Australian army soldiers and two Royal Australian Air Force… … Wikipedia

Army of the North — The Army of the North (Spanish: Ejército del Norte ), called Army of Peru in the documents of the time, was one of the armies deployed by the United Provinces of the Río de la Plata in the Hispanic American wars of independence. This army was in… … Wikipedia

Puerto Ricans Missing in Action in the Vietnam War — There were 17 Puerto Ricans Missing in Action in the Vietnam War, from a total of 2,338 people that were listed as Missing in Action. This total does not include people of Puerto Rican descent born in the mainland of the United States. [cite web| … Wikipedia

Puerto Ricans Missing in Action in the Korean War — This is a list of Puerto Ricans Missing in Action in the Korean War. A total of 61,000 Puerto Ricans served in the military during the Korean War, most of them volunteers. [ [http://veteransforpr.com/history.htm Military History] , Retrieved… … Wikipedia

General of the Army (United States) — General of the Army (GA) is a five star general officer and is the highest possible rank in the United States Army. General of the Army ranks immediately above a general and is equivalent to a Fleet Admiral and a General of the Air Force; there… … Wikipedia

Army of the West (1846) — The Army of the West was the name of the United States force commanded by Stephen W. Kearny during the Mexican American War, which played a prominent role in the conquest of New Mexico and California.It was headquartered at Fort Leavenworth,… … Wikipedia

Lord Howe's action, or the Glorious First of June — Infobox Painting painting alignment = image size = 300px title = Lord Howe s action, or the Glorious First of June other language 1 = other title 1 = other language 2 = other title 2 = artist = Philippe Jacques de Loutherbourg year = 1795 type =… … Wikipedia

The United States of America — The United States of America † Catholic Encyclopedia ► The United States of America BOUNDARIES AND AREA On the east the boundary is formed by the St. Croix River and an arbitrary line to the St. John, and on the north by the… … Catholic encyclopedia

Словари и энциклопедии на Академике

Перевод: со всех языков на все языки

action by the Army

См. также в других словарях:

Поделиться ссылкой на выделенное

Словари и энциклопедии на Академике

Перевод: со всех языков на все языки

action by the Army

См. также в других словарях:

Поделиться ссылкой на выделенное

Прямая ссылка: